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Medical Psychology 104 > Midterm deck (Brain & Behaviour, Smell, Perception) > Flashcards

Midterm deck (Brain & Behaviour, Smell, Perception) Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Ψ / physiological Ψ / behavioral neuroscience -

A

study of physiological bases of behaviour, primarily focusing on the relationship b/w Ψ processes and underlying physiological events - the mind-body phenomenon

fn of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in activities recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals

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2
Q

about relationship b/w body & mind: “The two exist as aspects of the same entity, the mind being merely of the body’s functions” - says who?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from mechanical operations of the body -

A

Dualism, René Decart

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2
Q

Focusing on observable human & animal behaviours and their relationship to the nervous system -

A

behaviourism, John B. Watson

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3
Q

Mind & body are separate but their activities directly parallel each other -

A

Ψ parallelism theory, Gottfried Leibniz

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4
Q

Nervous system scheme

A
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5
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain) is divided into:
and will develop into:

A
  1. telencephalon => cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres
  2. diencephalon => thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
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6
Q

Mesencephalon (mid brain) will develop into (3):

A

mid brain - corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles

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7
Q

Rhomencephalon (hind brain) is divided into:
and will develop into:

A
  1. metencephalon => pons, cerebellum
  2. myelencephalon => medulla oblongata
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8
Q

2 types of structures in PNS

A
  1. nerves - enclosed bundle of axons
  2. ganglion - ganglia (lumps that are attached to nerves and contain somas of neurons)
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9
Q

Neurons that carry info to the CNS -

A

afferent

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10
Q

Neurons that carry info from the CNS -

A

efferent

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11
Q

types of cells in NS (2):

A
  1. neurons (neu)
  2. neuroglia - non-neural cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support & protection f/ neurons in CNS
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12
Q

Types of neurons (4):

A
  • unipolar / pseudopolar: dendrite & axon from the same process
  • bipolar: axon & single dendrite on the opposite ends of soma
  • multipolar: 2/more dendrites, separate from axon
  • anaxonic: axon can’t be distinguished from dendrites
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13
Q

Types of neuroglia (4 in CNS and 2 in PNS):

A

in CNS
- oligodendrocytes: produce myelin sheath (insulation to axons => electrical sygnals propagate more efficiently)
- astrocytes/astroglia: link neu to their blood supply + form blood-brain barrier (BBB); regulate external chemical environment of neu
- ependymal cells: creation & secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- microglia
in PNS:
- Schwann cells: myelination, phagocytic activity, clear cellular debris => regrowth of PNS neurons
- satellite cells: regulation of external chem environment

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14
Q

Why neuroglia occupy approximately the same space/volume as neu?

A

they are 10X smaller, but 10X more abundant

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15
Q

Barrier b/w the blood & the fluid that surround the cells of the brain

A

BBB (Blood-brain barrier)

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16
Q

where is BBB weaker and why?

A

area postrema of medulla oblongata; to initiate vomiting in case of toxins in the bloodstream

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17
Q

what can prevent withdrawal reflex?

A

inhibitory interneu

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18
Q

the most common synapse in NS -

A

axodendritic
other two are axoaxonic and axosomatic

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19
Q

Acetylcholine - neurotransmitter responsible f/ (4):

A
  • voluntary muscle control
  • parasympathetic NS
  • attention
  • alertness
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20
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine are neurotransmitters responsible f/ (3):

A
  • fight-or-flight responses
  • wakefulness
  • alertness
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21
Q

dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible f/ (2):

A
  • smooth movements
  • postural stability
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22
Q

serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible f/ (4):

A
  • mood
  • sleep
  • eating
  • dreaming
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23
GABA is a neurotransmitter responsible f/:
brain “stabilization”
24
endorphins are neurotransmitters that are like what?
natural painkillers
25
2 parts of NS and their function
1. CNS (brain + spinal chord) - processing info gathered from the nerves, transmitting instruction to the body 2. PNS (all other nerve pathways outside CNS) - gathering ingo, reflexes
26
Forebrain consists of (3):
- cerebrum - thalamus - hyputhalamus (limbic system)
27
Midbrain consists of (2):
- tegtum - tegmentum
28
Hindbrain consists of (3):
- cerebellum - pons - medulla
29
Brainstem =
midbrain + pons + medulla
30
Frontal lobe is responsible f/ (6):
- reasoning - planning - speech - mvmnts - emotions - problem solving
31
Parietal lobe is responsible f/ (3):
- control of mvmnt - orientation - recognition
32
Occipital lobe is responsible f/ (2):
- visual perception processing
33
Temporal lobe is responsible f/ (4):
- control of perception - recognition of auditory stimuli - memory - speech
34
right hemisphere -
creativity
35
left hemisphere
logical abilities
36
bundle of axons that connects two hemispheres -
corpus callosum
37
Limbic system consists of (4):
- thalamus - hypothalamus - amygdala - hippocampus
38
thalamus fn in limbic system:
relay station f/ sensory info (except f/ olfaction)
39
hypothalamus fns (5):
- regulation of homeostasis - emotion - thirst - hunger - control of autonomic NS
40
amygdala what is it and fn
part of telencephalon, located in temporal lobe, involved in memory emotion & fear
41
hippocampus (2):
- learning - memory (short-term to long-term)
42
Brain stem is responsible f/
basic vital life functions (breathing, heart beat, blood pressure)
43
Midbrain (tectum over tegmentum)’s functions (4):
- vision - hearing - eye mvmnt - body mvmnt
44
Charge and contents of intracellular fluid
negative, contains A-, K+
45
Charge and contents of extracellular fluid
positive, Na+, Cl-
46
what allows cells generate and transmit impulses? (transporter in the membrane)
Na-K transporter in the cell membrane
47
stored charge (source of electrical E) -
membrane potential
48
resting potential - neuron is
steady, ready f/ action
49
positive charge applied to the inside of membrane -
depolarization
50
how long is depolarization process?
2 ms
51
voltage lvl that triggers action potential (AP) -
threshold of excitation
52
permeability of the membrane to a particular ion at any given moment is determined by:
the # of ion channels that are open
53
description of mvmnt of ions through the membrane during the AP (6 steps):
Threshold of ecxitation: over -70 mV 1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter the cell 2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell 3. Na+ channels become refractory at ~+35 mV => no more Na+ enters cell 4. K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting lvl 5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset 6. Extra K+ outside diffuses anyway
54
which ion is responsible f/ cell’s depolarization?
Na+
55
why does AP only travel in one direction?
Due to Na-channels refractory period
56
AP either occurs fully (w/ the same strength and consistency from origin to synaptic button) or does not occur at all
All-or-none law
57
saltatory conduction -
due to myelination of axons AP occur only @ unmyelinated parts of the axon (Nodes of Ranvier)
58
Advantages of saltatory conduction
- economic in terms of E - speed
59
We sense the external world by means of small faint copies of objects that are transmitted from the objects to us
Democritus, 5 century BC
60
Stimuli reaching our sense organs produce responses in sensory nerves => diff nerves evoke diff types of sensations
Johannes Muller, 1825
61
how smell is coded:
aromatic chemical substances => nasal cavity => olfactory epithelium (roof of nasal cavity) => olfactory sensory neu => AP => olfactory bulb (glomerulus, mitral cells) => olfactory cortex (1. conscious identification - frontal lobe; 2. emotional response - limbic system)
62
overwhelming sensitivity to smells: what is it and what is it caused by (4)?
hyperosmia may be caused by: - pregnancy - migraines - neurological conditions - autoimmune diseases
63
conscious perception of smell -
frontal cortex
64
motivational and emotional aspects of smell -
hypothalamus, amygdala
65
odor memory -
hippocampus
66
process that allows to give meaning to the info provided by our senses -
perception
67
what we is in our … not our …
what we is in our mind, not our eyes
68
illusion -
effect of misinterpreting data
69
3 types of illusion:
1. geometric: image displayed appears to be distorted (Ponzo illusion where top line looks longer that the bottom, even though they are exactly the same) 2. ambiguous figures: image can be seen in more than one way (Necker Cube, dress test, bunny/duck - depending on expectations, context) 3. fictitious percepts: seeing smth that is not actually there (unfinished triangle - white triangle)
70
Visual constancies -
smth that allows us to see things as remaining the same even when their physical characteristics are constantly changing;
71
2 types of visual constancies:
1. shape constancy - ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant even if it changes through mvmnt (open door is still rectangular) 2. color constancy - ability to perceive the color of an object as constant even if it changes with lightning
72
perceptual sense & perceptions are affected by (6):
- context - expectations - culture - previous experience - emotions - motivations
73
Gestalt rules (4)
form perception - figure-ground relationship: how we organize & simplify whatever we’re looking at 1. grouping (black&white dots are seen as “lines”) 2. similarity (things which share similar characteristics - shape, size, color, texture, value of orientation - seen as belonging together; ex - statue of liberty = triangles) 3. continuity (tendency to organize visual elements into unified wholes; ex - WWF emblem) 4. connectedness (ex - olympic rings, which are not connected)
74
depth perception -
ability of our eyes & brain to add a 3rd dimension / depth to everything we see, with the help of depth ques
75
depth cues (5):
1. linear perspective - parallel lines appear to converge & come together at a distant point 2. two heights in plane - if an image is higher to the eye it is often seen as being further away than the objects to the lower (ships) 3. relative size - when we expect objects to be the same size and they are not we assume that they are further away (asian women) 4. superimposition/overlap - when we can’t see the whole object we assume that there is smth in front of it => the object is further away (woman w/ house and car) 5. texture gradients - we can see the details of objects that are close but the detail fades the further away it is
76
The constructivists theory of perception:
we construct our perception based not only on what we see but also on our past experiences = top-down processing
77
perceptual set
notion of perceiving smth based on expectation
78
2 examples demonstrating perceptual set in processing:
- expectations (jumbled up words) - motivations (coloured words)
79
criticisms to constructivists’ top-down theory (3):
1. why do diff ppl perceive things the same way? 2. if perception requires experience, then how do we explain a newborn’s ability to perceive the world? 3. the effects of illusions - why do we fall for it every time if we use our experience to build perception?
80
nativists’ theory of perception:
perception is the result of bottom-up processing => it’s immediate and direct, we perceive the world as it is seen, not based on expectations, the role of mind is to simply analyze
81
action potentials -
messages that are sent through the axon from the body to the terminal button

Medical Psychology 104 (12 decks)

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