W7 & 8 - Sports Shoes & Surfaces Flashcards
List shoe characteristics highlighted in advertising
Shock absorption/Cushioning
Motion control/stability (kinematics)
Traction (kinematics)
Weight/energy
Comfort/fit
What is meant by shoe stability (motion control)?
Ability of the shoe to resist excessive or unwanted motion of the ankle.
How is shoe stability (motion control) quantified?
By measuring rear foot motion.
What comes under shoe design characteristics
Shoe shape (i.e medial + lateral heel flare)
Shoe supportive features
Orthotic devices (i.e wedging)
What do studies show about the Biomechanical influence of Othotic devices?
Some show reductions in peak eversion or eversion velocity.
Others don’t.
What do orthotic devices do?
Influence lower limb movement by ⬇️ peak eversion + eversion velocity
What have orthotic devices helped?
75% of distance runners
What design factors of a running shoe have been found to influence rear foot stability?
Heel flare
Material properties
Medial posting
Orthotic devices
What are the 2 types of force plate that measure reaction force vs your foot?
Piezoelectric force plate
Strain gauge force plate
What do FZ represent when talking about force plates?
Vertical ground reaction force.
Evidence from Hatala et al. (2013) showed that, with increasing running speed, what happens to foot strike?
% of runners who demonstrated a midfoot/forefoot strike ⬆️
What did Hamill et al. (2011) find when comparing barefoot and shod running?
Runners landed with a more plantar flexed ankle when barefoot
When testing barefoot runners, which did Nunns et al (2012) report to be the most commonly observed footstrike type?
Heel strike
Lieberman et al (2010) suggest that heel strike is caused by which aspects of modern running shoes?
Raised heel
In the paper by Lieberman et al (2010), what aspect of a forefoot/midfoot strike was suggested to reduce injury risk?
Lack of a clear impact peak
Which of the following was a major strength of the study by Altman and Davis (2015), assessing injury in shod and barefoot runners?
Prospective study
How much shoe mass increases oxygen consumption by 1%?
100g
How much is it estimated that speed decreases, with a 1% increase in oxygen consumption?
3m/min
What did Professor Daniel Lieberman publish in 2010?
Paper suggesting that barefoot running can ⬇️ ones predisposition to chronic running related injuries
Also that running w/ modern 21st century trainers w/ cushioning etc… has led us to change our natural way of running set out by evolution + that now the new way due to trainers impact is what actually causes our injuries.
That trainers encourage us to run w/ heelstrike. In Kenya (barefoot running) theres more running w/ a forefoot strike.
Quotes from Professor Daniel Lieberman from his 2010 paper
“Habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot before bringing down the heel”
“Habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike”.
What is the impact peak?
1st peak visible after the point of touchdown.
What does the slope of the line leading to impact peak represent?
Vertical loading rate.
Results to Hatala et al (2013)
Daasanach group in Northern Kenya
77% used rear foot strike
% of mid foot + fore-foot strikes ⬆️ w/ speed.
Impact loading was ⬇️ w/ forefoot strike.
Ruder et al (2019)
Rearfoot striker + mid foot striker exp higher tibial shock than FFS.
RFS + MSF ⬆️ TS w/ speed.
FFS do NOT.
