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BMS11004 > W6 Emotional Motivation, Memory, Sleep > Flashcards

W6 Emotional Motivation, Memory, Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Internal states

A

Influences behaviour. 4 F’s: Feeding, Fleeing,Fighting, Mating.
Sensory imputs => Internal states => Behaviour

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2
Q

Homeostatic Systems (behavioural and physiological)

A

Perturbation => Controlled variable => Sensor = error signal = Effector ==> Controlled variable
Negative feedback loops, always odd number. Signal occurs neuropeptides, hormones (slow)

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3
Q

Hypothalamus - Hunger

A

Lateral Hypothalmus (hunger, orexigenic) = promotes hunger
Ventromedial nucleus (satiety, anorexigenic) = suppress feeding/hunger
Hypothalamus = key center controlling appetit
Neuropeptides hormones) = orexin, MCH

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4
Q

Leptin

A

Body fat => Leptin =| body fat
ob/ob mutant, mice lack leptin got obeses.

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5
Q

GLP-1

A

peptide, promotes production of insuline. Reduce appetite. Pharmaceutical: reduce weigth reverse when off drug.

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6
Q

CCK

A

Hormone sends signals to brainstem and suppress feeding.

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7
Q

Amygdala

A

Required for fear conditioning (CS + US = CR). If lesioned, loss of fear.
Central nucleus, Basolateral nuclei, Cortoico medial nuclei.

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8
Q

Brain areas: Aggression

A

Cerebral Cortex => Amygdala => Hypothalamus = affective aggression.
Cerebral Cortex => Amygdaka => PAG, Ventrak tagmental area (VMHvl) = preditory aggression

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9
Q

Dopamine Reward (wanting vs liking)

A

Rats w/out mesolimbic dopaminergic projection still enjoyed tasty food but lack of motivation.

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10
Q

Somatic marke hypothesis

A

embodied decision making = emotions, gut feeling

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11
Q

Common Sense, ‘folk’ theory - Emotion

A

Sensory imput => Emotional Experience => Physiological reaction

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12
Q

James Lange Theory - Emotion

A

Sensory input => Physiological reaction => Emotional expeirence

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13
Q

Cannon-Bard theory - Emotion

A

Sensory imput => Emotional experience
Sensory imput => Physiological reaction
Thalamus signal to neocortex while physiological reaction increse from thalamus signal to hypothalamus.

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14
Q

Singer-Schachter Theory - Emotion

A

Sensory input => Physiological reaction =(ambigious signal) => Cog. I
Sensory input => Cog. interpretation => Emotional experience

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15
Q

Constructiveist theories - Emotions

A

Sensory input => Physiological reaction =(ambigious signal) => Cog. I <= culture
Sensory input => Cog. interpretation => Emotional experienceC

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16
Q

Definition of Sleep

A

reduced motor activity, reduced response to stimulation, stereotypic postures (eye closed in humans), relatively easy reversibility (waking up)

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17
Q

Differenty phyiological activity is measured with what?

A

Physiological activity can be measured using electrical recordings:
Muscle movements with electromyography
Eye movements with electro-oculography
Brain activity with electroencephalography.

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18
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Measures the synchronous, electrical activity from large populations of neurons in the brain. Caused by cellular, ionic movements, which creates an electric field.
Electrodes placed on the surface of the scalp etect these electric fields. Linked to an electrical amplifier.

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19
Q

Properties of EEGs

A

Non invasive, easy to administer, data easily gathered. High temporal resolution, low spatial resolution. Electric fields follow an inverse square law so only cortical activity is detectable.

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20
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Neuronal activity is low, metabolic rate and brain temperature is at theri lowest, heart rate and blood pressure decline, decreased sympathetic nervous system outflow. Inceease in parasympathetic nervou ssytem. Muscel tone and reflect are intact.
Stages:
1- Drowsiness
2- Light sleep
3- Deep Sleep
4- Very deep Sleep
5- REM sleep (rapid eye moevement)

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21
Q

Non-REM sleep - Drowsiness

A

Awakened easily, eyes move slowly, msucle activity slows down. People expeirene sudden muscle contractions preceded by a sensation fo failing. Transition from Wakefulness to onset of sleep.

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22
Q

Non-REM sleep - Ligh sleep

A

Eye moevemnt stops, brain waves become slower with only one occasional burt of rapid brain waves. Body prepares for deep sleep temperature drops, heart rates slow.
Characterised by burst of sinusoidal waved called sleep spindles and biphasic waves called K complexes.

23
Q

Non-REM sleep - Deep Sleep

A

Slow Delta waves are interpersed with smaller, faster waved. Sleepwalking, Night terrros, tlaking during one’s sleep.

24
Q

Non-REM sleep - Very deep Sleep

A

Brain produces delta waved almost exclusively. Disorientation for several minutes, following arousal from Stage 4. Slow wave actiivty increases and dominate the EEG recordings.

25
Q

During REM sleep

A

Brain temperature and metabolic rate rise, consistent with increased neural activity. In some areas, geater than in waking. All skeletal msucles are atonic flaccid and paralysed. Muscle controlling movements of the eyes, middle ear ossicles adn diaphragm remain active.

26
Q

Thoeries of Dreaming

A

Strange imagery-brain not fully functioning (philosophical).
Exercises synapses when no external activity.
Circuit testing.
Memory consolidation.

27
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Circadian rhythms are endogenous and persist without environmental cues. However, they are modulated by external timing cues ‘zeitgebers’ These adapts the rhythm to the environment.

28
Q

Visual System - Circadian Rhythm

A

Intrinsically photosenstive Ganglion cells provide input to te Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.

29
Q

Role of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.

A

SCN is the major internal clock of anterior hypothalamus.
Lesioning of the suprachiasmatic tract dampens down the circadian rhythm of sleep.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates timing of sleep. Not responsible for sleep itself.

30
Q

Wakefullness - Brain stem (Locus Coeruleus)

A

Lesion of the brain stem can cause sleep and coma. Activation of neurons in brain stem (locus coeruleus- NE, raphe nuclei- TH) precedes awakening.
Stimulation of brain stem causes awakening. Depolarising effect.

31
Q

Normal Sleeping Patterns in Humans

A

Non-REM and REM sleep alternate cyclically.
70-80min returns to S2/3 => REM phase (8-10m).
S1 => REM last 90-110mins. x 4/5 per night, during each rep, S3/4 decrease and REM increase in duration.

32
Q

Young Adult Sleep Stages (duration, in %)

A

S1: 5%
S2: 50-60%
S3/4:15-20%
REM: 20-25%

33
Q

Regulation of Sleep

A

Diffuse modulatory neurotransmission system. NE and 5-HT neurons in the brain stem. Diffuse modulatory system controls rhythmic behaviour in the Thalamus. Inhibition of motor neurons.

34
Q

Definition of Learning

A

Aquisition of information

35
Q

Definition of Memory

A

Storage of learned information

36
Q

Definition of Recall

A

Reacquisition of stored informaiton

37
Q

Definition of the Engram

A

Physical embodiment of a memory

38
Q

Independent Memory systems

A

Differnt forms of memory stored in different ways/regions/pathways (playing piano (auditory) and passing exams (frontal cortex)
Procedural vs Declarative and Implicit and Explicit.

39
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Skills and associations largely unavailable to conscious mind = learning how to ride a bike, you can’t explain how to do it but you can do it.

40
Q

Declarative Memory

A

available to conscious mind, can be encoded in symbols and language.

41
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that can be consciously recalled

42
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memory that cannot consciously be recalled, different types:
Procedural Memory
Classical Conditioning
Priming

43
Q

Memory Duration

A

Immediate memory – few seconds.
Short-term memory – seconds or minutes. = Working memory.
Long-term memory – days, months, years.

44
Q

Temporal Lobe and Memory

A

Electrical stimulation – hallucinations and recollection of the past experiences.

Epileptic seizures – complex sensations and memories

45
Q

Temporal Lobectomy - Patient HM

A

8 cm of the medial temporal lobe was removed;
Intelligence, personality, etc. was intact.
Extreme anterograde amnesia.

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

Essential for converting STM to LTM.
Lessions cause memory loss.
3 layered cortex:
Inputs from entorhinal cortex and beyond.
Outputs => many regions.
Enlarged in people whose work requires good spatial memory.

47
Q

Amydgala

A

Multiple processed sensory inputs (smell), implict, emotional, learnt (fear)

48
Q

Mechanism of memory

A

Long-term storage seems to be distributed.
Reverberating circuits.
The Hebbian synapse concept = activity modifiable, plastic synapse.

49
Q

Memory and Synaptic plasticity

A

Synaptic strenght changes. Facilitation / depression = Short-term (mins / hours) + Ca2+ availability / vesicle depletion.

Long-term facilitation / depression = change the structure of the synapse to increase/decrease the strength of the synapse long term.

50
Q

Long term depression

A

short stimulation of pre-synapti neuron and measure the epsp amplititude. Strenght of synapse decrease. In the hippocampus

51
Q

Long term Potentiation: in hippocampal slices

A

Post ‘tetanic’ LTP. High frequency burst, LTP in specific pathways.

Paired LTP, coioncident stimulus and depolarization, associativity.

52
Q

Aplysia Californica

A

See snail, with big neurons, easily recorded.
Gill: delicate tissue, when animal reachs a rough surface it hides the Gill, Gill withdrawal refelct, they can form certain memories.

53
Q

Long-term-Potential and Long-term-Depression and Aplysia

A

Require receptor activation (glutamate/serotonin), altered synaptic responsivity, mediated by second messengers (Ca2+/cAMP). Require portein phosphorylation changes in early stages, require protein synthesis for alte stages.
Involve biochemical and structural pre and post-synaptic changes

54
Q

How does Long-term-Potential occur?

A

Evidence suggest often a post-synaptic event. Most indicates a critical role for Ca2+. Involves trafficking of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane.

BMS11004 (12 decks)

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