W3 Flipped lecture content

Question 1

Acetylcholine acts on what?

Answer 1

Nicotinic (iontropic and muscarinic metabotropic) receptors.

Question 2

Acetycholine

Answer 2

created by combined acetyl and choline. Acetylcholine Destroyed in the synaptic cleft by an enzyme. Choline is recycled to make more acetylcholine.

ChAT = good marker for cholinergic neurons.
Acetyl CoA

Question 3

Nicotinic (nAChRs):

Answer 3

ACh-gated Na+/Ca2+ channel, found at neuromuscular junction, CNS.

Question 4

Muscarinic (mAChRs)

Answer 4

5 types of GPCRs, found in CNS and autonomic nervous system. Recall Loewi’s 1921 experiment on the heart: the ‘vagusstoff’ was ACh!

Question 5

Neutroasmitter at the neuromyscluar junction (NMJ)

Answer 5

Acetylcholine used as a neuromusclar hunction, NMJ motor nerve excites the muscle.

Question 6

1. Block release [Acetylcholine: pharmacology]

Answer 6

1. Block release (paralyzing you).

Botulinum towin (produced by bacteria),

Black widow spier venom (first increases ACh release at NMJ then elminates it. Seems to work by allowing a big calcium influx)

Question 7

Acetylcholine: pharmacology

Answer 7

1. Block release
2. Block AchE
3. Activate ACh Receptors
4. Block ACh receptors

Question 8

Block AchE [Acetylcholine: pharmacology]

Answer 8

Nerve gas
Organophosphate pesticides
Alzheimer’s treatments

Question 9

3. Activate ACh receptors [Acetylcholine: pharmacology]

Answer 9

Nicotine, muscarine
Neonicotinoid pesticides

Question 10

Block ACh receptors [Acetylcholine: pharmacology]

Answer 10

Nicotinic (curare)
Alpha bungarotoxin from snake venom binds to nAChRs and takes days to unbind
Bungarus multicinctus, alpha-bngarotoxin
Muscarinic: atropine

Question 11

Monoamines are synthesised from what?

Answer 11

Amino acids.

Question 12

Epinephrine

Answer 12

Adrenaline, named after the adrenal gland

Question 13

Storage adn removal of monamines

Answer 13

Pached into vesicles by vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT)
Removed from the synaptic cleft by re-uptake transporters
Destroyed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase

Question 14

What are the epinephrine, norepinephrine receptors

Answer 14

Adrenergic recpeotrs; alpha and beta types

Question 15

Different receptors

Answer 15

activate different Gprotein effectors. Different receptors are expressed in different neuron types or parts of the brain. That’s why drugs can have specific effects.

Question 16

Dopamine Motor control

Answer 16

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra prokect to the striatum. This nigrostriatal pathway facilitations initiation of voluntary movement. These neurons die in PD = motor dysfunction

Question 17

How can PD be trated

Answer 17

Increasing dopamine.
TH is rate-limiting in synthesis of dopamine, so can give L-DOPA (dopamine doesn’t cross the blood-brain barrier
The loss of the dopaminergic neurons causes the motor symptoms.D

Question 18

Dopamine - Reward

Answer 18

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) prokect to the cortex and limbic system. This mesolimbic pathway mediates ‘reawrd’/’motivation’

Question 19

Cocaine, amphetamines

Answer 19

Block reuptake of dopamine, norepinehrine

Question 20

Antipsychotics

Answer 20

Block dopamine receptors (parkinson’s like symptoms (possible side effect))

Question 21

Antidepresents

Answer 21

-tricyclics: block reuptake of NE, serotonin
-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), e.g. fluoxetine (Prozac)
-MAO-A inhibitors

Question 22

Opinoid peptides (endorphins)

Answer 22

Bind to opioid receptors (GPCRs)
Regulate pain (perception/emotion/cognitive)
Also regulate coughing, GI tract.
Opioid receptors are the targets of morphine, heroin.

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

often a co-transmitter

Question 24

Nitric Oxide

Answer 24

Gas, membrane-permeable
Acts on soluble guanylate cyclase, not a membrane receptor

Question 25

Endocannabinoids

Answer 25

Lipid-soluble, not in vesicles
Ca2+ triggers synthesis, not vesicle fusion
Retrograde signaling (postpre)
Bind to GPCRs (the targets of the active compound in cannabis)