W1 Introduction + Cells of nervous system

Question 1

Molecular Level

Answer 1

Molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal excitation. (action potential, ion moving in and out, transport in the axon, functioning of a neuron, glial cell).

Question 2

Cellular level

Answer 2

Function/importance (what are they key cell types of the nervous system)

Question 3

Systems levels

Answer 3

Motor system (how the nervous system makes the body move), and sensory system (touch, sensory system).

Question 4

Behavioral level

Answer 4

Motivation, why we eat/drink/become friends/mating)

Question 5

Cognitive level

Answer 5

Frontal lobe, higher brain processing, sleep/memory. ( how do we form memories? What changes occur within our brain to regulate sleep?)

Question 6

Genetics

Answer 6

= genes affect cells ect., underlying it all

Question 7

Major divisions of the nervous system

Answer 7

Central nervous system (CNS) = Brain, Spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) =
Somatic nervous system (voluntary control over muscle, skin, joints)
Autonomic nervous system = (involuntary/automatic process (e.g. control heart rate, internal organs, blood vessels, glands))

Question 8

Ventricular system

Answer 8

= helps prevent your brain from hitting itself against the skull, a good supply of ions, glucose, etc. (maintained by ventricular system/fluid). Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 9

provides physical protection, maintains appropriate levels of ions, removes waste products

Question 10

cervical enlargement

Answer 10

a muscle in the arms/hands/fingers = to control this with fine destirics we need neurons (in spinal cord).

Question 11

Lumbosacral enlargement

Answer 11

Legs muscles. Motor neurons.

is a widened area of the spinal cord that gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs..

Question 12

Glia cells

Answer 12

supporting cells, around the neurons, to support the neuron, clue, it’s purpose is to maintain homeostasis, protection, assist neural function.

Question 13

Neurons

Answer 13

excitable cells that conduct impulses. Their purpose is to integrate (captured from all areas of the body) and/or relay information (quickly) (sensory/motor neuron) within a neural circuit. Neurons have a lot of mitochondria (a lot of energy needed for ion control, membrane potential).

Question 14

nissl staining

Answer 14

allows us to distinguish between neurons and glia. Nucleolus of all cells stained; neurons also have Nissl bodies. It allows visualization of variation in size, density and distribution of neurons.

Question 15

Golgi stain

Answer 15

Couldn’t see the presynaptic terminals.

Silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.

Golgi thought neurites were continuous, interconnected system (false)

Question 16

Cajal

Answer 16

mapped out lots of neurons (drew) Each cell is a unit and find ways to communicate

Question 17

Neurites

Answer 17

any process coming from the neuron (dendrites and axons)

Question 18

Cytoskeleton

Answer 18

= the internal scaffolding. Microtubules (longitudinally down neurites, hollow tube composed of polymers of tubulin) (+ Microfilaments/neurofilaments)

Question 19

Axon hillock

Answer 19

when the cell body becomes the axon

Question 20

Axon initial segmet

Answer 20

really important for action potentials. Nav channels = sodium channels.

Question 21

Immunohistochemistry

Answer 21

= antibodies (= proteins made up of channels of amino acids).
Secondary > Primary > Protein of interest
Secondary recognized primary antibodies which recognize protein of interest.

Presynaptic terminal: end of the axon opposes to a dendrite of another neuron.

Question 22

Axon collaterals

Answer 22

= branches come from main axon, ends in axonal terminal/ terminal bouton. Main axons tend to be thicker because they are more myelinated. Axons with high levels of collaterals have high levels of divergences ( = spread signals wider).

Question 23

Presynaptic terminals

Answer 23

= specialization of the terminal cytoplasm = no microtubules, synaptic vesicles, specialized proteins (synaptic terminal to release the molecules and the receptor), a lot of mitochondria (it required a lot of energy).

Question 24

Axoplasmic transport

Answer 24

Slow axoplasmic transport
Fast axoplasmic transport = microtubules, kinesin adn ATP = anterograde transport (cell body => axonal terminal), retrograde transport (axonal trminla => cell body)

Question 25

Dendrites

Answer 25

dendritic branches together form dendritic trees (sensory part), structure to convergence, gathering signals and integrating the information to the cell body.

Question 26

Dendritic spines

Answer 26

= not stable, these spines are not always there, they are dynamic always changing depending on activity. If you have a abnormalities with your dendrite spine development it will sometimes be followed with a cognitive impairment.

Question 27

Unipolar neurons

Answer 27

one neurite comes out of its body but the neurite split in a peripheral process as part of an axon, a small area for receiving synaptic input (= highly specialized function), a reliable relay of information.
Dorsal root ganglion = cell body is on the side fo the spinal cord, sends one neurite out of the periphery, it’s part axonal, but when it reaches a more sensory area it becomes more of a dendrite, sending information directly.

Question 28

Bipolar neuron

Answer 28

one dendrite, one axon. Small area for receiving synaptic input = highly specialized function, reliable relay of information. (Retinal bipolar cells)

Question 29

Multipolar

Answer 29

majority of neurons in the brain, large area for receiving synaptic input high levels of convergence.

Question 30

Dendritic geometry = Stellate

Answer 30

Star shape dendritic abors

Question 31

Pyramidal = dendritic geometry

Answer 31

Triangular body = distinct apical and basal dendritic tress. Distinct dendritic domains have different properties and receive input from distinct sources.

Question 32

Interneuron connection

Answer 32

= largest classes, doesn’t leave the brain/spinal cord (nervous system) = relay or projection neurons (connect brain regions), Local interneurons (short axons, process information in local circuits).

Question 33

Glia cells = nerve glue

Answer 33

Glia fills the space around neurons, extracellular space of of ~20 nm between glia and neurons. Can proliferate throughout life. Gray = neuronal, blue = not fluid, glia cells and processers. Mainly associates.

Question 34

Glia cells = Homeostatic

Answer 34

= keep the steady state of cells.
CNS = Astrocytes
PNS = Satellite cells
ENS = enteric glia

Question 35

Glia cells = Myelinating cells

Answer 35

CNS = Oligodendrocytes
PNS = Schwann cells

Question 36

Phagocytic glia cells

Answer 36

CNS = microglia
PNS = Schwann cells and macrophages

Question 37

Astrocytes

Answer 37

they control the environment surrounding neurons, spatial domains, unique markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Many subtypes. Good at scoping up neurotransmitters.
= fuel suppliers = store glycogen of the brain.
= synapse = tripartite synapse = terminates neurotransmitter activity, recycles neurotransmitter.

Question 38

Microglia

Answer 38

= macrophages of the CNS = key role in tissue surveillance and phagocytosis, they get activate and become phagocytose. Can have harmful roles in neurodegenerative diseases (deafness)

Question 39

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 39

myelinating oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths of CN axons, Lots of processes = can have 15-30 processes form cell body to myelin sheath.

Question 40

Schwann cells

Answer 40

= form myelin sheets of PNS, one Schwann cell provides on myelin segment to a single axon. A lot less extensive.

Question 41

Myelin sheet

Answer 41

Formation = process of oligo cytoplasm wraps many times around the acon, cytoplasm squeezed out of layers by compaction.
Myelin sheets maintain contact with glial cells for nourishment. Myelination is insulating and creates nodes of ranvier enabling satatory conduction.