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SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems > W5 Functional Anatomy of the Brain Part 1 and 2 > Flashcards

W5 Functional Anatomy of the Brain Part 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the telencephalon?

A

Olfactory CNI

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2
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the diencephalon?

A

optic CNII

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3
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the mesencephalon?

A

oculomotor CNIII and trochlear CNIV

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4
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the metencephalon?

A

trigeminal CNV

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5
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the myelencephalon?

A

CNVI to CNXII

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6
Q

what part of the brain is the cerebrum?

A

telencephalon

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7
Q

what part of the brain is the cerebellum?

A

dorsal metencephalon

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8
Q

what parts make up the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (ventral metencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)

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9
Q

what is the largest part of the brain that carries higher functions?

A

cerebrum

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10
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into?

A

two cerebral hemispheres by longitudinal cerebral fissure

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11
Q

what are the ridges and grooves of the brain called?

A

ridges = gyri
grooves = sulci

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12
Q

what is each hemisphere of the cerebrum composed of?

A

grey matter superficially (neuronal cell bodies) and central white matter (axons)

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13
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

the thin superficial layer of the grey matter

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14
Q

what does the cerebrum receive?

A

inputs from sensory organs to interpret vision and audition, proprioception and general sensations

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15
Q

what does the cerebrum initiate?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle movements, stores memory, voluntary motor control, behaviour and mental status

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16
Q

what is grey matter and where is it located?

A

it is made up of neuron cell bodies, located in the cerebral cortex and deep within the hemispheres of the hippocampus, basal nuclei and septal nuclei

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17
Q

what does white matter contain?

A

myelinated nerve fibres

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18
Q

there is a major neural connection between the right and left cerebral hemispheres known as what?

A

corpus callosum - the two parts communicate with each other with constant info exchange

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19
Q

what are association fibers?

A

cell bodies that lie in the cortex and interconnect adjacent gyri, they establish connection between different parts of the cortex within the same hemisphere

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20
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

cell bodies that lie in the cortex and connects the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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21
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

they connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brain and spinal cord - connects more or less vertically)

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22
Q

is the cerebral cortex acquired late or early in vertebral evolution?

A

late

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23
Q

from which side of the body does the right cortex receive info from?

A

the left side of the body (left cortex receives from the right side of the body)

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24
Q

what are the three regions of each cortex?

A

motor, sensory and association cortexes

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25
Q

what does the motor cortex do?

A

initiates non-reflex movements, impulses from one hemisphere causes muscle movements elsewhere on the other side of the body (contralateral)

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26
Q

what are the main sensory areas of the brain?

A

the primary auditory cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex and primary visual cortex

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27
Q

what are the association cortexes?

A

the sites of complex memory, integration and planning also (in some species) self-awareness, language and personality traits

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28
Q

what lobes is the cerebrum broken into?

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal and piriform

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29
Q

what does the frontal lobe contain?

A

parts of the motor cortex associated with voluntary movement and some psychomotor skills

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30
Q

what does the occipital lobe function as?

A

the visual cortex

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31
Q

what does the parietal lobe function as?

A

part of the somatosensory cortex, controlling conscious perception and localisation of pain/touch/temp

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32
Q

what does the temporal lobe function as?

A

the auditory function, behaviour and memory

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33
Q

what is the piriform lobe associated with?

A

conscious olfaction, receives input from the olfactory bulb

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34
Q

what area of the brain is the smallest and least changed?

A

the brainstem

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35
Q

what is the brainstem continuous with?

A

the spinal cord

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36
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of?

A

paired groups of nuclei separated by the third ventricle

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37
Q

what are the four regions of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus

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38
Q

what is the thalamus composed of?

A

a large number of individual nuclei (grey matter) that communicate with the cerebral cortex

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39
Q

on each side is a large thalamus between what?

A

the interthalamic adhesion

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40
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

all senses except small come here, it interprets awareness of non-localised pain/touch/temp

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41
Q

what are the lateral and ventral walls of the thalamus formed by?

A

formed by the hypothalamus

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42
Q

what is on the ventral surface of the thalamus?

A

the optic nerves that form the optic chiasm

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43
Q

caudal to the optic chiasm on the median plane is what?

A

hypophysis

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44
Q

the mesencephalon connects the lower brain centres and what to the higher brain centres?

A

spinal cord

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45
Q

what is the mesencephalon divided into?

A

a dorsal portion (tectum) and a ventral portion

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46
Q

four round swellings characterise the tectum region of the mesencephalon, what are these called?

A

corpora quadrigemina

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47
Q

the larger what of the mesencephalon is a visual reflex centre?

A

rostral colliculus

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48
Q

the smaller what of the mesencephalon is an auditory reflex centre?

A

caudal colliculus

49
Q

the ventral portion of the mesencephalon includes cerebellar what?

A

cerebellar peduncles

50
Q

what nerve arises from cerebral peduncle caudal to the mammillary body?

A

oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

51
Q

what nerve arises from slight caudal colliculi of the midbrain?

A

trochlear nerve (CNIV)

52
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct-ventricular tube

53
Q

where is the pons (ventral metencephalon) located?

A

situated between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon?

54
Q

what are the two portions of the pons?

A

dorsal portion (tegmentum) and ventral portion

55
Q

what fibers does the ventral surface of the pons contain?

A

transverse fibers

56
Q

what do transverse pontine fibers produce at the surface of the pons?

A

a prominent bridge

57
Q

how is the pons connected to the cerebellum?

A

by cerebellar peduncles

58
Q

the pons contains the rostral end of the fourth ventricle which gives rise to which nerve?

A

trigeminal nerve (CNV)

59
Q

what is the cerebellum and where is it located?

A

it is the dorsal metencephalon, it lies caudal to the cerebrum, dorsal to the fourth ventricle and brainstem

60
Q

what separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

A

the transverse cerebral fissure

61
Q

how many cerebellar peduncles on each side of the fourth ventricle connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

three on each side

62
Q

the white matter of the cerebellum is composed of fibers that look like a tree, what is this known as?

A

arbor vitae

63
Q

what are the four main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • maintenance of balance, coordination
  • control and adjust body movement
  • maintain proper body position in space and coordination of movement
  • motor reflex centre in coordinating subconscious and conscious skeletal muscle movements
64
Q

the cerebellum is ipsilateral - what does this mean?

A

opposite of cerebral hemispheres - the motor effect is exerted on the same side

65
Q

what is the difference in cerebellum between flying animals and flightless?

A

the cerebellum is much larger in flying animals due to the complexity of flight

66
Q

where does the medulla oblongata extend from?

A

transverse fibers of the pons to the level of ventral rootlets at the first cervical spinal nerve

67
Q

abducens nerve and facial nerve lie at what border?

A

the border between the pons and medulla oblongata

68
Q

what part of the brain contains most of the fourth ventricle?

A

the medulla oblongata

69
Q

bilateral what are present along the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata?

A

bilateral pyramids

70
Q

together with the pons, the medulla oblongata contains what pathways?

A

ascending and descending

71
Q

what are meninges?

A

these are the three layers of connective tissue that envelope the brain and spinal cord

72
Q

what are the names of the three meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid layer and pia mater

73
Q

describe the dura mater:

A

thick outer layer of connective tissue that is tough and fibrous

74
Q

describe the arachnoid layer:

A

thin middle layer of non-vascularised connective tissue, it has many fine filaments that transverse the subarachnoid space connecting with the pia mater

75
Q

describe the pia mater:

A

the innermost vascularised layer of connective tissue that is firmly attached to the underlying nervous tissue

76
Q

what two meninges layers consist of the leptomeninges?

A

arachnoid and pia mater (lepto = thin)

77
Q

in two places the dura mater folds inwards to form double-layered curtains, what are these two called?

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

78
Q

what is CSF?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid is filled with what?

A

CSF and a fine network of connective tissue fibers that originate from the arachnoid

80
Q

where are the ventricles derived from?

A

the fluid-filled centre of the embryonic neural tube

81
Q

what are the ventricles?

A

a series of interconnected cavities in the core of the brain that have an ependymal cell lining and are filled with CSF

82
Q

how many ventricles are there?

A

four ventricles that connect to each other and to the central canal (in the spinal cord)

83
Q

which ventricles are the lateral ventricles, where are they found?

A

first and second, in the cerebral hemispheres

84
Q

what do the first and second ventricles connect to the third ventricle of the diencephalon via?

A

a narrow passage called the interventricular foramen

85
Q

the aqueduct runs through the midbrain leading to the fourth ventricle which is between what two brain parts?

A

the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

86
Q

what produces the majority of CSF?

A

small arteries and arterioles in the leptomeninges and choroid plexus in the ventricles

87
Q

the plexuses consist of tufts of capilaries covered by a layer of what?

A

ependymal cells

88
Q

does the CSF flow up or down the pressure gradient from ventricles to the subarachnoid space?

A

down

89
Q

where does the CSF pass from the subarachnoid space to?

A

the venous system

90
Q

what are the three main routes that CSF drains from?

A

venules of the subarachnoid space, into the venous sinuses of the brain and by the lymphatic vessels

91
Q

what is the function of CSF?

A

it gives the brain buoyancy and support, protecting it from mechanical trauma, provides that brain with nutrients and serves as a medium for diffusion of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter substances

92
Q

how many cranial nerves do reptiles birds and mammals have?

A

12 (I - XII)

93
Q

what saying is used to remember the type (sensory, motor or both) of each cranial nerve in order?

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

94
Q

what saying is used to remember the names of the 12 cranial nerves?

A

On On On They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes (olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossophargyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal)

95
Q

describe the distribution of the olfactory nerve:

A

nasal mucosa membrane (smell)

96
Q

describe the distribution of the optic nerve:

A

retina of the eye (sight)

97
Q

describe the distribution of the oculomotor nerve:

A

most muscles of the eye (parasympathetic to ciliary), muscle of the iris

98
Q

describe the distribution of the trochlear nerve:

A

dorsal oblique muscle of the eye

99
Q

describe the distribution of the trigeminal nerve:

A

sensory to eye and face and motor to muscles of mastication

100
Q

describe the distribution of the abducens nerve:

A

retractor and lateral muscles of the eye

101
Q

describe the distribution of the facial nerve:

A

sensory to regions of the ear and taste to cranial 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of facial expressions, parasympathetic to mandibular and sublingual salivary glands

102
Q

describe the distribution of the vestibulocochlear nerve:

A

cochlea (hearing) and semicircular canals (equilibrium)

103
Q

describe the distribution of the glossopharyngeal nerve:

A

sensory to pharynx and taste to caudal 1/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of the pharynx, parasympathetic to parotid salivary glands, blood pressure control by relaying chemoreceptor info to brain from carotid arteries

104
Q

describe the distribution of the vagus nerve:

A

sensory to pharynx and larynx, motor to muscles of larynx, parasympathetic to visceral structures of thorax and abdomen

105
Q

describe the distribution of the accessory nerve:

A

motor to muscles of the shoulder and neck (arises from brain and spinal cord)

106
Q

describe the distribution of the hypoglossal nerve:

A

motor muscles of the tongue

107
Q

arteries to the cerebrum and cerebellum are branches from where?

A

the vessels on the ventral surface of the brain

108
Q

in all species blood is pooled into what before branching into the brain?

A

cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)

109
Q

how many pairs of arteries is arterial blood supply to the brain based around?

A

5 pairs

110
Q

which four arteries arise from the cerebral arterial circle?

A

rostral, middle, caudal cerebral arteries and rostral cerebellar artery

111
Q

where does the caudal cerebellar artery originate from?

A

the basilar artery

112
Q

in the dog, the arterial circle is supplied from how many sources, what are they?

A

three, paired internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

113
Q

in dogs, carotid blood reaches most of the cerebral hemispheres except which portion?

A

the caudal portion

114
Q

the lumen of which artery becomes occluded in the first few weeks of life in cats?

A

proximal 2/3 of the internal carotid artery

115
Q

what supplies the arterial circle in cats?

A

the anastomosing rami of the maxillary artery via the rete mirabile

116
Q

what artery supplies the medulla oblongata in cats?

A

the vertebral artery

117
Q

what are the two anastomosing branches in the ox?

A

one from the maxillary artery and one from the vertebral artery both with rete mirabile

118
Q

in the ox, what supplies the arterial circle?

A

internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries

SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems (13 decks)

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