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SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems > W1 Anatomy of the Haematopoietic System > Flashcards

W1 Anatomy of the Haematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the haematopoietic organs in embryos?

A

aggregations of blood cells in the yolk sac

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2
Q

where is bone marrow found?

A

within the medullary cavity and interstitial spaces of spongy bone

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3
Q

what is the site of most blood cell formation in adults?

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

describe red bone marrow:

A

haematopoietic function, richly vascularised - all bone marrow in young animals is red

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5
Q

describe yellow bone marrow:

A

predominantly fat, conversion from red to yellow happens in larger spaces first - dormant haematopoietic potential

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6
Q

what fluid is filtered out of capillaries?

A

interstitial fluid

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7
Q

what happens to lymph once it drains into lymphatic vessels?

A

travels through progressively larger vessels until emptied back into venous circulation, may pass through lymph nodes

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8
Q

what lymphatic duct drains into the left branches of the vena cava?

A

thoracic duct

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9
Q

what are primary lymphatic organs?

A

organs where lymphocytes are formed and mature

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10
Q

where do T cells have to go to fully mature (after originating in bone marrow)?

A

the thymus

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11
Q

what do secondary lymphatic organs do?

A

act as filters that monitor content of extracellular fluids (lymph, tissue fluid, blood), they are also where lymphocytes are activated

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12
Q

what happens to lymphocytes in a secondary lymphatic organ?

A

antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation into antigen-disposal cells or memory cells

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13
Q

does lymph flow at low or high pressure? why?

A

low pressure - lymphatics are thin walled, readily collapse

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14
Q

what does elevations in venous pressure do to lymph flow?

A

disrupts it (does have valves to prevent backflow)

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15
Q

where do efferent vessels in lymph nodes originate from?

A

in the central medulla - leave from the indented hilar region

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16
Q

how are pig lymph nodes different?

A

the cortical tissue is central, the afferent vessels penetrate near hilus and the efferent emerge from the periphery (inside out/back to front)

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17
Q

what are haemal nodes?

A

not in all species (more common in cattle and sheep), they contain blood sinuses (vascular structures modified by focal collections of lymphocytes - presumed to have a similar function to the spleen

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18
Q

how do mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) differ from lymph nodes?

A

absence of capsule, close relationship to epithelial surface, positioned at origin of the lymphatic drainage pathway - unlike lymph nodes

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19
Q

name three MALT:

A

any three of:
pharyngeal (tonsils)
palatine (tonsils)
larynx
intestine (peyer’s patches)
prepuce
vagina

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20
Q

where are peyer’s patches commonly found?

A

mostly in the ileum and jejunum (lamina propria and submucosa)

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21
Q

how are peyer’s patches distinguishable?

A

by the lack of villi covering them

22
Q

where is the spleen found?

A

in the left cranial part of the abdomen attached to the greater curvature of the stomach - exact positioning depends on blood content/stomach filling

23
Q

what ligament attaches the spleen to the stomach?

A

the gastrosplenic ligament

24
Q

what is the shape of the spleen in cats/dogs, pigs, cattle and horses?

A

cats/dogs = dumbbell shaped
pigs = stap-like
cattle = broad oblong shape
horses = hooked shape

25
Q

what is the spleen vascularised by?

A

the splenic artery and vein

26
Q

describe the vascular supply to the spleen in ruminants, horses/pigs and dogs/cats:

A

ruminants = pass undivided through confined hilus
horses/pigs = run along organ branching at intervals
cats/dogs = divide as approach organ

27
Q

describe the capsule of the spleen:

A

capsule extends trabeculae into the interior, very muscular in some species (contractions under sympathetic influence to change volume)

28
Q

what functions does the spleen have?

A

blood storage, blood filter, destruction of old red blood cells and production of lymphocytes

29
Q

what is the parenchyma of the spleen divided into?

A

red and white pulp

30
Q

the thymus produces huge numbers of what?

A

T cells

31
Q

the thymus has a great size in juveniles, what happens as it gets older?

A

importance - gradually involutes until puberty, regression starts at the cervical/cranial end, the lymphoid structure is replaced by fat

32
Q

where does the buds of the thymus grow?

A

down the neck alongside the trachea - fuses with the pericardium and travels with the heart caudally

33
Q

what does the capsule of the thymus house?

A

blood vessels, nerves and efferent lymphatics

34
Q

the thymus has a dense cortex of rapidly dividing what?

A

thymocytes (developing T cells)

35
Q

are the T cells is the medulla of the thymus dividing or non-dividing?

A

non-dividing (fewer T cells = weaker staining (histology))

36
Q

what is the blood-thymus barrier in capillaries for?

A

to protect T cells from exposure to antigens in the blood

37
Q

do birds have lymph nodes?

A

no - apart from ducks and geese that have two primitive pairs (cervicothoracic pair (near thyroid) and lumbar pair (near kidneys))

38
Q

describe the bursa fabricius in birds:

A

dorsal diverticulum in the proctodeum, contains folds of lymphoid tissue (thick wall in domestic fowl, thin and sac-like in psittacines and passerines), reaches max size before sexual maturity then begins to involute

39
Q

where is the spleen located in birds?

A

located in the right coelom between the ventriculus (gizzard) and proventriculus

40
Q

describe the spleen in birds:

A

quite small, oval, triangular or elongated, does not form blood reservoir as in mammals

41
Q

most species of birds have paired thoracic ducts either side of what? what do the ducts do?

A

either side of the spine, they drain lymph from the hindlimb and abdominal vessels ad deliver it to the jugular veins at the base of the neck

42
Q

in amphibians the thymus remains functional throughout life, what can cause it to involute?

A

malnutrition/chronic stress

43
Q

what is the function of the red and white pulp in the spleen of amphibians?

A

red = erythropoiesis
white = myelopoiesis

44
Q

what do amphibians have instead of lymph nodes?

A

lymph hearts (aka sacs/vesicles), smooth muscle dilations of lymphatic channels that beat independently of the heart (5-60bpm) to ensure unidirectional lymph flow to the heart

45
Q

describe the thymus in reptiles:

A

1-2 yellow/white lobes each side of the neck in lizards and chelonia, cranial to the heart in snakes, doesn’t involute but weight and size decrease with age

46
Q

do reptiles have lymph nodes?

A

they lack lymph nodes but have a vast plexiform lymphatic network and large dilated reservoirs (cisternae) and lymph hearts

47
Q

do reptiles have well or under developed lymphatic trunks?

A

well-developed - jugular, subclavian, lumbar and thoracic and a saccular precardiac sinus at the base of the neck passing lymph to the venous system

48
Q

why do you have to be careful with blood samples from reptiles?

A

the lymphatic system is intimately associated with the blood, lymphdilution is a common contaminant of blood samples (e.g. low PVC)

49
Q

what haematopoietic organ do fish have additionally?

A

cephalic (cranial) kidney

50
Q

the peripheral lymph plexuses are large channels in fish that empty into the venous system in which three part?

A

cranial, middle and caudal

51
Q

do fish have lymph nodes?

A

no - they have lymph hearts

SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems (13 decks)

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