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SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems > W1 Haematopoietic System and Component Parts Part 1 > Flashcards

W1 Haematopoietic System and Component Parts Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the haematopoietic system?

A
  1. provide the cells for dissemination of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
  2. provide the cells that mediate protection against infection with pathogens, tumours and toxins
  3. provide the cells that contribute to the repair of injury and maintenance of tissues and organs
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2
Q

where do blood cells arise from?

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into what myeloid cells (colony forming units)?

A

erythroid, megakaryocytes, basophils, eosinophils and granulocyte-monocyte

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4
Q

what do erythroid CFU produce?

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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5
Q

what do megakaryocytes produce?

A

platelets

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6
Q

what do granulocyte-monocyte CFU produce?

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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7
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

the production of red blood cells

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8
Q

what is a erythrocyte?

A

a red blood cell - consisting mainly of haemoglobin, a complex metalloprotein which contains heme groups where the iron temporarily binds to the oxygen (from lungs/gills) and releases them throughout the body

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9
Q

haemoglobin in erythrocytes carries some waste carbon dioxide back from the tissues - what happens to the rest?

A

most is transported in plasma as dissolved bicarbonate ions

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10
Q

what is the most common cell in the body (makes up 25%)?

A

erythrocytes

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11
Q

where are erythrocytes restricted to?

A

blood vessels of the body

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12
Q

erythrocytes are small rounded cells with a small area of central pallor (6-8microns) - what is their half life?

A

50 days

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13
Q

are erythrocytes nucleated?

A

they are non-nucleated in mammals but nucleated in other vertebrates, they lack most organelles

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14
Q

what percentage of erythrocytes are haemoglobin (the iron containing ocygen-transport metalloprotein)?

A

96%

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15
Q

the production of platelets mediate blood coagulation - what does this allow?

A

allows the clotting of damage to a blood vessel

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16
Q

tissues recruit what to a site of injury to remove bacteria?

A

leukocytes (initially neutrophils and the macrophages)

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17
Q

what process removes bacteria and cell debris from a wound?

A

phagocytosis (promotes wound healing)

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18
Q

how do phagocytic leukocytes fulfil homeostatic functions beyond cell defence?

A

tissue remodelling and removal of dead cells/cellular debris as part of normal cell turnover

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19
Q

do platelets have a nucleus in mammals?

A

no

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20
Q

what is the second most abundant cellular component of blood?

A

platelets

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21
Q

how long do platelets circulate in the blood for?

A

7-10 days

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22
Q

where is 1/3 of platelet mass normally sequestered?

A

in the spleen

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23
Q

what are platelets?

A

non-nucleated fragments of cytoplasm which are derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

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24
Q

what are unactivated platelets?

A

biconvex discoid structures with a maximum diameter of 2-3 microns

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25
Q

where are platelets restricted to?

A

blood vessels

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26
Q

what type of animal are platelets unique to?

A

mammals

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27
Q

what cell in birds share properties with mammalian platelets, what are they unable to do?

A

nucleated thrombocytes, but they are unable to form plugs to block damaged arteries (high pressure)

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28
Q

what are GPs?

A

glycoproteins

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29
Q

what surface GP binds to collagen?

A

GPIa

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30
Q

what surface GP binds to Von Willebrand Factor?

A

GPIb and IIb/IIIa

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31
Q

what surface GP binds to fibrinogen?

A

GPIIb/IIIa

32
Q

what are storage granules released by?

A

the canalicular system

33
Q

what do alpha granules contain many of?

A

clotting factors

34
Q

what do dense granules contain?

A

adenosine di and triphophates (ADP/ATP) and calcium

35
Q

what do lysosomes store?

A

hydrolytic enzymes and catalase

36
Q

what do platelets contain that allow them to quickly change state to activated following blood vessel damage?

A

cytoskeletal proteins

37
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils (white blood cells)

38
Q

what percentage of granulocytes make up white blood cells in blood?

A

60-70%

39
Q

monocytes are blood borne, what do they become in tissues?

A

macrophages

40
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

large cells (10-20microns) with multilobed nuclei, they only live 2-3 days, they are cells of the innate immune system and have neutral staining cytoplasmic containing enzymes

41
Q

what percentage of granulocytes are neutrophils?

A

90%

42
Q

are neutrophils phagocytic?

A

yes - they kill bacteria by microbicidal mechanisms

43
Q

what are macrophages?

A

large differentiated monocytes (>20microns), their function differs between tissues, this includes phagocytosis, stimulation of adaptive immune system response, tissue repair and iron homeostasis

44
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

large granulocytes (12-17 microns) that circulate for 8-12h and in tissues for up to 12 days, they contain prominent granules which stain red and have a crystalline core

45
Q

what percentage of white blood cells do eosinophils represent?

A

2-3%

46
Q

what infections are eosinophils important for?

A

helminth infections

47
Q

eosinophils contain a crystalline core of major basic protein cytotoxic for what?

A

parasites

48
Q

eosinophils have receptors for IgE antibodies and contribute to what?

A

allergic reactions

49
Q

what are basophils?

A

white blood cells that contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under a microscope when stained with basic dyes, they make up 0.01-0.3% of circulating WBCs

50
Q

what do basophils play a role in?

A

they participate in inflammatory reactions and play a role in responses to parasites and allergens (IgE) receptors, release histamine, leukotrienes and prostoglandins)

51
Q

what are basophils most closely related to?

A

to tissue resident mast cells

52
Q

what are monocytes?

A

mononuclear phagocytes (12-15microns) that respresent 5-10% of white blood cells, identified by stained smears by their kidney shaped nucleus, found primarily in the blood and spleen

53
Q

monocyte progenitors/precursors circulate in the blood for how many days before migrating to tissues?

A

1-3 days

54
Q

what are monocytes for?

A

rapid response to inflammatory stimuli and migrate in large numbers to infected/injured tissues

55
Q

what are dentritic cells?

A

closely related to monocytes/macrophages, they continuously sample the environment for antigens, they are irregularly long shaped with long cytoplasmic dendrites

56
Q

plasmacytoid dendritic cells are specialised in inducing what?

A

anti-viral responses

57
Q

conventional dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells where they present foreign antigens to what?

A

T lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)

58
Q

dendritic cell precursors are present in low numbers in blood, where do they migrate to?

A

both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues

59
Q

monocytes can differentiate into what dendritic cells?

A

inflammatory

60
Q

what are mast cells important for?

A

response to a range of pathogens (helminths), in wound healing and in allergies - they release many activating factors like histamine and have receptors for IgE

61
Q

what passes through blood as immature cells and migrate into tissues where they then mature?

A

mast cells

62
Q

where are mast cells found?

A

in connective and mucosal tissues - types vary with location and contents of granules

63
Q

lymphoid cells represent what percentage of white blood cells in blood?

A

30%

64
Q

how are lymphoid cells distingusihed?

A

they have a large nucleus that may be eccentric (not central) and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm

65
Q

what are the major constituents of the adaptive immune system?

A

T and B cells

66
Q

what do most T lymphocytes express?

A

alpha-beta T cell receptors - they recognise foreign peptides presented to them by histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on other cells

67
Q

do T cells have a small or broad range of T cell receptors?

A

they have a broad range that are capable of recognising very distinct antigenic peptides

68
Q

what are T cells broadly characterised into?

A

helper T cells (CD4) - specialised in helping drive immune responses against different types of pathogens
cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - recognise and kill infected/transformed cells

69
Q

what are B lymphocytes name derived from?

A

derives from their maturation in birds in the bursa Fabricus

70
Q

what do B lymphocytes express?

A

express B cell receptors - immunoglobulin that recognises foreign molecules (proteins or carbohydrates)

71
Q

what happens when B lymphocytes are activated?

A

plasma cells secrete immunoglobulin - antibodies that mediates a broad range of effects against pathogens

72
Q

B lymphocytes can act as antigen-presenting cells, what response is this?

A

2degree response

73
Q

what do both B and T cells have that enables the basis of immunity to reinfection and vaccination?

A

the ability to require memory

74
Q

what are the four innate-like lymphocytes?

A
  1. natural killer (NK) cells
  2. natural killer T (NKT) cells
  3. γδ T cells
  4. innate lymphoid cells
75
Q

what do the innate-like lymphocytes do?

A

they play a role in a protective immunity and the regulation of homeostasis and inflammation, their disregulation can lead to immune pathology such as allergy and autoimmune disease

76
Q

are γδ T cells a minor or major component?

A

minor in humans, major in ruminants, pigs and chickens - they do not recognise MHC present peptides in humans (recognise pathogen metabolites or stress molecules on cell surfaces)

SF4: Haemopoietic and Neurological Systems (13 decks)

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