W5 Flashcards
exists when a pregnancy has not occurred after at least 1 year of engaging in unprotected coitus.
Subfertility
there have been no previous conceptions
primary subfertility
there has been a previous viable pregnancy, but the couple is unable to conceive at present.
secondary subfertility
the inability to conceive because of a known condition, such as the absence of a uterus.
Sterility
When engaging in coitus an average of four times per week,____ of couples will conceive within ___months, and____ within___ months.
50% - 6
85% -12
The minimum sperm count considered normal is____/ml of seminal fluid, or______ per
ejaculation.
20 million
50 million
A_______________ of the spermatic vein could increase temperature within the testes and slow and disrupt spermatogenesis although whether this actually causes much difference is in doubt
varicocele or varicosity
If sperm are present but the total count is low, a man may be advised to abstain from coitus for_____________ at a time to increase the count.
7 to 10 days
as_______________,___________, or
___________, and some medications (certain___________ agents) may result
in erectile dysfunction
cerebrovascular accident
diabetes
Parkinson’s disease
antihypertensive
(formerly called impotence or the inability to achieve an erection).
erectile dysfunction
Solutions to the problem (erectile dysfunction) can include psychological or sexual counseling as well as use of a drug such as
sildenafil
of the prostate gland occurs in most men beginning at about 50 years of age.
Benign hypertrophy
(urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis)
hypospadias
(urethral opening on the dorsal surface)
epispadias
The administration of_____________ to a woman may have some effect in decreasing sperm immobilization because it reduces her immune response and antibody production.
corticosteroids
(faulty or inadequate production on ova)
anovulation
This is the most common cause of subfertility in women and may occur from a genetic abnormality such as _______________in which there are no ovaries to produce ova
anovulation
Turner’s syndrome (hypogonadism)
When either___________ levels are too high, they can disrupt the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) leading to subfertility from ovulation failure
glucose or insulin
Women should maintain an ideal body weight and height, as represented by a BMI of
20 to 24
Some women ovulate only a few times a year because of
polycystic ovary syndrome.
Therapy with__________ (Clomid, Serophene) may also be used to stimulate ovulation.
clomiphene citrate
In other women, ovarian follicular growth can be stimulated by the administration of
human menopausal gonadotropins (Pergonal)
is the abnormal growth of extrauterine endometrial cells, often in the cul-de-sac of the peritoneal cavity or on the uterine ligaments or ovaries.
Endometriosis
Daughters of women with endometriosis may develop symptoms of_________ early in life.
dysmenorrhea
The excessive production of endometrial tissue may be related to a
deficient immunologic response
In many women, it appears to be related to excess estrogen production or a
failed luteal menstrual phase.
Abnormal tissue in the pelvic cul- de-sac can cause ______________because it puts pressure on the posterior vagina.
dyspareunia (painful coitus)
a synthetic androgen, can be prescribed to help shrink the abnormal tissue.
Danazol (Danocrine)
Administration of a GnRH agonist, such as_______________ can reduce hormone stimulation and cause the same effect.
leuprolide acetate (Lupron),
infection of the pelvic organs: the uterus,
fallopian tubes, ovaries, and their supporting structures. The infection can extend to cause pelvic peritonitis.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
PID begins with a cervical infection that spreads by surface invasion along the uterine endometrium and then out to the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
It is most likely to occur at the____ of a menstrual period because menstrual blood provides an
excellent growth medium for bacteria and there is loss of the normal barrier of __________during this time.
end
cervical mucus
With______, an adolescent notices severe pain in the lower abdomen. She may have an accompanying heavy, purulent discharge.
acute PID
PID
Therapy involves administration of analgesia for comfort plus specific broad- spectrum antibiotics such as_______ (Mefoxin),_______ (Vibramycin), or_________ (Cleocin)
cefoxitin
doxycycline
clindamycin
In some women, a pelvic abscess forms and must be drained through the __________before healing can occur.
cul-de-sac
(enlargement of a testicular vein)
varicocele
(collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum)
hydrocele
after 2 to 4 days of sexual abstinence, the man ejaculates by masturbation into a clean, dry specimen jar.
Semen Analysis
Although sperm penetration studies are rarely necessary, they may be scheduled to determine
whether a man’s sperm, once they reach an ovum, can penetrate it effectively.
Sperm Penetration Assay and Anti-sperm Antibody Testing
th the use of an assisted reproductive technique such as IVF, poorly motile sperm or those with poor penetration can be injected directly into a woman’s ovum under laboratory conditions
_________________, bypassing the need for sperm to be fully motile.
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
At the time of ovulation, the basal temperature can be seen to dip slightly_______; it then rises to a level no higher than normal body temperature and remains at that level until 3 or 4 days before the next menstrual flow
(about 0.5° F)
A woman dips a test strip into a midmorning urine specimen and then compares it with the kit
instructions for a color change.
Ovulation Determination by Test Strip
This is an ultrasound technique designed for inspecting the uterus. The uterus is filled with sterile saline, introduced through a narrow catheter inserted into the uterine cervix
Sonohysterography
This is a radiologic examination of the fallopian tubes using a radiopaque medium and is the second frequently used technique.
The procedure is scheduled immediately after a menstrual flow to avoid reflux of menstrual debris up the rubes and unintentional irradiation of a growing zygote.
Hysterosalphingography
This may be used to reveal an endometrial problem such as luteal phase defect.
Uterine Endometrial biopsy
This is a visual inspection of the uterus through the insertion of a hysteroscope, a thin hollow tube, through the vagina, cervix, and into the uterus.
Hysteroscopy
This is the introduction of a thin, hollow, lighted tube through a small incision in the abdomen, just under the umbilicus, to examine the position and state of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
Laparoscopy
It is scheduled during the follicular phase of a menstrual period and is done under general anesthesia because of the pain caused by extensive maneuvering.
Carbon dioxide is introduced into the abdomen to move the abdominal wall outward and offer better visualization
Laparoscopy
This is the instillation of sperm into the female reproductive tract to aid conception. The sperm is instilled into the cervix (intracervical insemination) or directly into the uterus (intrauterine insemination).
Therapeutic Insemination.
sperm can be_________ (frozen)
cryopreserved
one or more mature oocytes are removed from a woman’s ovary by laparoscopy and fertilized by exposure to sperm under laboratory conditions outside a woman’s body
In Vitro Fertilization
In Vitro Fertilization
Before the procedure, an ovulation-stimulating agent is given to the woman such as
GnRH
ova are obtained from ovaries exactly as in IVF. Both ova and sperm are instilled within a matter of hours, using a laparoscopic technique, into the open end of a patent fallopian tube.
Fertilization then occurs in the tube, and the zygote moves to the uterus for implantation.
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
involves oocyte retrieval by transvaginal, ultrasound-guided aspiration, followed by culture and insemination of the oocytes in the laboratory. Within 24 hours, the fertilized eggs are transferred by laparoscopic technique into the end of a waiting fallopian tube
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
ZIFT
This is an assisted reproductive technique for a woman who does not ovulate.
The process involves use of an oocyte that has been donated by a friend or relative or
provided by an anonymous donor.
Surrogate Embryo Transfer
(outpouching of the bladder into the vaginal wall)
cystocele
(outpouching of the rectum into the vaginal wall)
rectocele
view of the world and a set of traditions that a specific social group uses and transmits
to the next generation.
Culture
are preferred ways of acting based on those traditions.
Cultural values
refers to the cultural group into which a person was born, although the term is sometimes used in a narrower context to mean only race.
Ethnicity
refers to a category of people who share a socially recognized physical characteristic.
Race
