W1.2 Flashcards
measures the response of sound waves against solid objects.
Ultrasonography
used to predict fetal maturity by measuring the biparietal diameter of the fetal
head.
Biparietal Diameter
Assessment of the blood flow through uterine blood vessels
is helpful to determine the vascular resistance present in women with diabetes or hypertension of
pregnancy and whether resultant placental insufficiency is occurring.
Doppler Umbilical Velocimetry (Doppler ultrasonography)
Based particularly on the amount of calcium deposits in the base of the placenta
Placental Grading
a placenta 12–24 weeks
0
30–32 weeks
1
36 weeks
2
38 weeks
3
Because the
technique apparently causes no harmful effects to the fetus or woman, it has the potential to replace
or complement ultrasonography as a fetal assessment technique
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
substance produced by the fetal liver that is present in both amniotic fluid and maternal
serum
AFP
Traditionally assessed at the 15th week of pregnancy, between 85% and 90% of
neural tube defects and 80% of Down syndrome babies can be detected by this method.
Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein
Triple screening, or analysis of three indicators
MSAFP, unconjugated estriol, and hCG
As with the
measurement of MSAFP, it requires only a simple__________________ of the mother.
venipuncture
is a biopsy and chromosomal analysis of chorionic villi that is
done at 10–12 weeks of pregnancy.
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
(transvaginal aspiration of fluid from the
extraembryonic cavity) is an alternative method to remove cells for fetal analysis.
Coelocentesis
from the Greek amnion for “_______” and kentesis for “__________”
sac
puncture
called cordocentesis or funicentesis
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling
aspiration of blood from the umbilical
vein for analysis
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling
Because the umbilical vein
continues to ooze for a moment after the procedure, fetal blood could enter the maternal circulation
after the procedure, so___________ is given to Rh-negative women to prevent sensitization.
RhIG
the visual inspection of the amniotic fluid through the cervix and membranes
with an amnioscope (a small fetoscope). The main use of the technique is to detect meconium staining.
It carries some risk of membrane rupture.
Amnioscopy
fetus is visualized by inspection
Fetoscopy
biophysical profile combines five parameters
fetal reactivity
fetal breathing movements
fetal body movement
fetal tone
amniotic fluid volume
If the fetus score on a complete profile is 8–10, the fetus is considered to
be doing well.
A score of 6 is considered___________; a score of 4 denotes a fetus probably in_______________.
suspicious
jeopardy
medical term for any interruption of a pregnancy before a fetus is viable
Abortion
A viable fetus is usually defined as a fetus of more than ___________weeks of
gestation or one that weighs at least___________.
20 to 24
500 g
occurs before week 16 of pregnancy
early miscarriage
occurs between weeks 16 and 24 of pregnancy
late miscarriage
vaginal bleeding
bright red
no cervical dilatation
Threatened abortion
If no fetal heart sounds are detected and an ultrasound reveals an empty uterus or nonviable fetus, a
physician may perform a_____________________________ to ensure that all the products of conception are
removed.
vacuum extraction D&E
Also commonly referred to as early pregnancy failure, the fetus dies in utero but is not expelled.
Missed Abortion
Missed abortion
If the pregnancy is over 14 weeks, labor may
be induced by a prostaglandin suppository or____________ (Cytotec) to dilate the cervix, followed by
oxytocin stimulation or administration of__________________ techniques used for elective termination of
pregnancy
misoprostol
mifepristone
In the past, women who had three spontaneous miscarriages that occurred at the same gestational age
were called
“habitual aborters.”
Complications of Miscarriage:
- Hemorrhage
- Infection
- Septic abortion
- Isoimmunization
- Powerlessness or Anxiety
With ectopic pregnancy, fertilization occurs as usual in the
distal
third of the fallopian tube
the second most frequent cause of bleeding early
in pregnancy.
Ectopic pregnancy
that leaves scarring is usually bilateral
salpingitis
used before pregnancy reduce the incidence of ectopic pregnancy
oral contraceptives
umbilicus may develop a bluish tinge
(Cullen’s sign)
An unruptured ectopic pregnancy can be treated medically by the oral administration of_______________
followed by______________
methotrexate
leucovorin
an abortifacient, is also effective at causing sloughing of the tubal implantation site
Mifepristone
The therapy for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy is
_______________to ligate the bleeding vessels and to remove or repair the damaged fallopian tube.
laparoscopy
abnormal proliferation and then degeneration of the trophoblastic
villi
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Hydatidiform Mole)
Abnormal trophoblast cells must be identified because they are associated with
choriocarcinoma
On chromosomal analysis, although
the karyotype is a normal 46XX or
46XY, this chromosome component
was contributed only by the father,
or an “empty ovum” was fertilized
and the chromosome material was
duplicated.
Complete Mole
he syncytio-trophoblastic layer of villi, however, is swollen and misshapen. A macerated
embryo of approximately 9 weeks’ gestation may be present and fetal blood may be present
in the villi.
• Has 69 chromosomes
Partial Mole
Therapy for gestational trophoblastic disease is _________________to evacuate the mole.
suction curettage
refers to a cervix that dilates prematurely and
therefore cannot hold a fetus until term. It occurs in about 1% of
women. The dilatation is usually painless. Often the first symptom
is show (a pink-stained vaginal discharge)
Incompetent Cervix (Premature Cervical Dilatation)
After the loss of one child because of premature
cervical dilatation, a surgical operation termed_______________
can be performed to prevent this from happening in a second
pregnancy.
cervical cerclage
nylon sutures
are placed horizontally and vertically across the cervix and
pulled tight to reduce the cervical canal to a few millimeters in
diameter.
McDonald
sterile tape is threaded in a purse string manner under the submucous layer of the cervix and sutured in place to achieve a closed cervix
Shirodkar
Keep a woman
in a____________, not supine, position to prevent pressure on the vena cava and additional interference with fetal
circulation
lateral
occurs before the end of week 37 of gestation
Premature Labor
The typical fetus moves___ times in an hour
10
