W5 Flashcards
Difference between illusion and hallucinatio
Illusion has an external stimulus, hallucination doesn’t.
Illusion ➡️ a misinterpretation of an external stimulus e.g. Shadow on wall is snake
Hallucination ➡️ sensory stimulus without an external cause for that stimulus e.g hearing things that other people do not hear
What are the excess/deficiencies of neurotransmitters in different parts of the brain for these following illnesses
A) Schizophrenia
B) Depression
C) Anxiety disorders
A) Schizophreia: excess dopamine
B) Depression: depletion of noradrenaline and serotonin
C) Anxiety: reduced serotonin transmission
Benefits and negatives of taking medications
Benefits: Medications help control symptoms Stabilize and prevent relapse Improve daily functioning (IADLs) Reduced stigma and discrimination as a result of symptoms Greater sense of control
-ves Side-effects > symptoms Cost Feelings of being controlled by others Stigma of medication Disempowerment
Medication types in mental health (7)
- Anxiolytics medication - reduce anxiety
- Mood stabilizers - use in affective disorders
- Psychostimulants - elevate mood
- Cognitive enhancing drugs - dementia
- Hypnotics - promote sleep
- Antipsychotics - control +ve symptoms
- Antidepressants - relieve depressive disorders
Metabolism of psychiatric medications
Most metabolized in the liver
Binds to lipids - pass blood brain barrier, can be in breast milk
Distribution in fat deposits (weeks to excrete)
Excretion through kidneys (need care in impaired renal function)
Lithium carbonate (watch salt levels)
How do psychiatric drugs work?
➡️ Blocking receptors
➡️ blocking the re-uptake of neurotransmitters
➡️ promoting the breakdown of neurotransmitters
➡️ promoting the growth and release of neurotransmitters
Difference between old and new
OLD
Work primarily by blocking dopamine
Many side effects
More effective for +ve symptoms
NEW Block dopamine/serotonin and other neurotransmitters Fewer side effects Less motor SE Effective for both +ve and -ve symptoms Expensive May improve cognitive deficits
SE of stimulation of dopamine receptors
Agitation, aggravation of psychosis
SE of noradrenaline receptors
Activation, hypertension, panic
Blockage of H1 histamine receptors
Sedation, weight gain
Blockage of muscarinic receptors
Blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation
Blockage of alpha1 adrenergic receptors
Dizziness, orthostatic, hyotension,tachycardia
Stimulation of serotonin receptors
Agitation, akathisia, anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, sexual dysnction
What drug can result in hyper prolactin, gynaecomastia, sexual disfunction, erectile/ejaculation problems
Dopamine blockers
Factors contributing to non-compliance
Illness factors - delusional thinking, lack of insight, depression, memory, cognitive problems
Patient factors - younger, make, single, low SES, lack of family, poor understanding
Health system factors - poor quality of care, complex dosage, poor relations with treatment team
Medication factors - SE, lack of perceived benefits, cost
