W4.1: Perception & Individual Decision-Making Flashcards
Describe perception and the factors influencing it.
Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Factors in Perceiver (5)
- Attitudes
- Motives
- Interests
- Experiences
- Expectations
Factors in Situation
- Time
- Setting
- Social Setting
Factors in the Target
- Novelty
- Motion
- Sounds
- Size
- Background
- Proximity
- Similarity
Explain attribution theory and the three factors that affect it.
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.
- Consensus
- Distinctiveness
- Consistency
What are the two errors that we face in attribution theory?
- Fundamental attribution theory
2. Self-serving bias
What are some common shortcuts we have in judging others?
- Selective Perception
- Halo effect
- Contrast effects
- Stereotypes
Explain the link between perception and decision-making.
Decision-making is a reaction to a problem.
- Every decision requires us to interpret and evaluate information. We typically receive data from multiple sources and need to screen, process, and interpret them.
What is the rational decision-making model?
- define problem
- identify decision criteria
- allocate weights to the criteria
- develop alternatives
- evaluative alternatives
- select the best alternatives
assumes that
- decision maker has complete info and is unbiased, and will choose the decision with the highest utility
What is the bounded rationality theory?
People respond to complex problems by reducing it to a level at which it can be readily understood
- People satisfice; they construc simplified models that extract the essential features
GD ENOUGH!
What is intuitive decision-making?
Occurs outside conscious thought, relies on holistic associations/links between disparate pieces of information and is fast (engages emotions)
How do you reduce biases and errors?
- Focus on goals
- Look for information that disconfirms your beliefs
- Don’t try to create meaning out of random things
- Increase your options
What are common biases in decision making?
- Overconfidence bias
- Anchoring bias
- Confirmation bias
- Availability bias
- Escalation of Commitment
- Randomness Error
- Risk Aversion
- Hindsight Bias
What are individual constraints of decision-making?
- Individual Differences
- Personality - Gender
- Mental ability
- Cultural differences
What are some org constraints to decison-making?
- Performance evaluation systems
- Reward systems
- Formal regulation
- Time constraints
- Historical precedents
How do you frame decisions ethically?
- Utilitarianism: which proposes making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. It is consistent with goals such as efficiency, productivity, and high profits.
- Focus on rights: calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges as set forth in documents such as the Bill of Rights
- Justice: to impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially to ensure justice or an equitable distribution of benefits and costs.
What is the 3-stage model of creativity?
Creativity is the ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
- causes (potential and environment)
- behaviour
- problem, info, idea generation, idea evaluation - outcomes (novelty and usefulness)
