W3L1 - Core Knowledge Theories Flashcards
What is the difference between eye gazes of 1 mo vs 3 mo and what does it mean
- 1 mo: Look everywhere
- 3 mo: Focus on eyes: Understanding of emotions
What is the sound for fetus and newborns
Fetuses
- Hear/Learn sounds during the last two months of pregnancy
- Recognise mother’s voice at birth
Newborns
- Cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults
- Fairly good at determining the location of a sound
What are the 4 piaget stages and brief description
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Senses and Actions
- Pre-Operational (2-7)
- Symbols and Mental Images
- Concrete Operation (7-12)
- Logical thinking and Categories
- Formal Operational (>12)
- Hypothetical thinking and Scientific Reasoning
What are the 3 tasks/properties displaying pre-operational intelligence in Pre-Operational Stage
Showing competencies in these 3 tasks suggest pre-operational stage
- Three Mountain Task
- Egocentricism
- Conservatism
What is the three mountain task
- Ask to choose picture of doll sitting across the table would see
- Most children below age 6 choose the picture showing how the scene looks to them
- Difficult to separate own perspective from others
What is egocentricism
Focusing on own perspective
What is conservatism
Below age 7
- Volume
- Mass
- Number
- Length
How many sub-stages are there in sensorimotor stage and give a time
6 sub-stages:
- 0-1 mo
- 1-4mo
- 4-8mo
- 8-12mo
- 12-18mo
- 18-24mo
Substage 1
0-1mo:
- Modify reflexes
- Centered on own body
Substage 2
1-4mo
- Organize reflexes
- Integrate actions
Substage 3
4-8mo
- Repetition of actions resulting in pleasurable or interesting results
- Object Permanence
Substage 4
8-12mo
- Begin searching for hidden objects
- Fragile mental representations
- A-Not-B Error
Substage 5
12-18mo
- Active exploration of potential use of objects
- Invisible Displacement
Substage 6
18-24mo
- Enduring mental representations
What is object permanency, What is it indexed by. When is it mastered.
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
- Indexed by Simple Hiding Problem
- Substage 3 (6-9mo)
- Toy placed under a towel as the baby watches
- Infants no active search (Object no longer exist)
- Search = Evidence of having a representation
- Substage 3 (6-9mo)
What is A-not-B error. What is it indexed by. When is it mastered.
Changed Hiding Place (10-12 mo)
- Substage 4
- Toy placed under tower A and baby retrieves it
- Toy hidden under towel B, next to the first, in plain view of the child
- Despite having watched the object disappear under the new napkin, the baby reaches under the original napkin
What is invisible displacement.
Invsible Displacement (18 months)
- Substage 5
- Infant watch hand close around toy and hide from view
- Closed hands move under napkin to deposit toy
- Hand brought to view, Infant look under hand, not napkin.
What does Object Permanence, A-not-B, and invisible displacement suggest. And what is the substage development?
- Object Permanence (3)
- A-not-B (4)
- Insivible Displacement (5)
All suggest searching = mental representation
What are pros of Piaget
- Good overview of children’s thinking at different points
- Broad spectrum of development and ages
What are cons of Piaget
Lecture 3
- Stage model depicts children’s thinking as more consistent than it is
- Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognised
- Vague about the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth >>> no light on information processing accounts of developmental change
Lecture 1
- Focused on inabilities rather than abilities
- Ignore social context
- Ignore language development
- Focused on decontextualised rather than everyday problems
What are core knowledge theories
Children are born with many specialized (not only general) learning abilities (v.s. Piaget’s general model)
- N umbers
- O bjects
- U s
- G eometry
- A gents
- T hem
What is possible vs impossible events
Baillargeon, 1987
Tests of object permanence (3.5 months)
- Habituated young infants to the sight of a screen rotating through 180 degrees.
- POSSIBLE: the screen rotated up, occluding the box, and stopped when it reached the top of the box
- IMPOSSIBLE: the screen rotated up, occluding the box, but then continued on through 180 degrees
- Infants looked longer at the impossible event, showing they mentally represented the presence of the invisible box.
What is understanding of numeriosity in the possible vs impossible events
Knowing the number of things:
- Objects in case + 1 more = 2
- Possible: 2
- Impossible: 1
What are aspects of core knowledge theory systems
- Domain Specific
- Each system represent only a small subset of the things
- Task specific
- Each system functions to solve a limited set of problems
- Encapsulated
- Each system operates with a fair degree of independence from other cognitive systems
- Innate
D-I-E-T
What are six suggestions of initial knowledge in core knowledge theory
- Domain Specific
- Constrained
- Innate
- Emerges early in development
- Constitute core of mature knowledge
- Task Specific
What about the brain in infancy (0-2)
Brain continues developing past infancy
- EEGs show regular spurts in the brain’s electrical activity (may coincide with important changes in cognitive development)
- Brain (Birth): 25% of its adult weight
- Brain (2 y.o): 75% of its adult weight
What is the active child
Infant is an active participant.
World does not act upon infant but infants explore the world (even when there’s no one)
