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3J - IMMUNOSERO LEC (1ST SEM: PRELIMS) > W3 - LINE OF DEFENSES > Flashcards

W3 - LINE OF DEFENSES Flashcards

1
Q

first line of defenses

A

SMS RN

skin
mucous membranes
reflexes
normal microbiota

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2
Q

second line of defenses

A

PIn2FC

phagocytosis
Inflammation
Interferons
Fever
Complement system

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3
Q

third line of defense (aquired specfic immunity)

A

t and b lymphocytes
antibodies

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4
Q

contains ANTIMICROBIAL peptides
and HIGH AMOUNTS OF SALT that
could cause the bacterial cells to
SHRINK.

A

sweat

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5
Q

secreted by SEBACEOUS glands
that contain FATTY ACIDS that kill
some of the microbes such as
GRAM POSITIVE organisms.

A

sebum

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6
Q

secreted by different glands in
the body which contain
LYSOZYMES that degrade bacterial
cell walls.

A

Tears, saliva

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7
Q

assists in CLEANING and
LUBRICATING the ear, specifically the
ear canal and provides some
protection from bacteria, fungi
and insects.

A

cerumen/earwax

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8
Q

prevent proliferation of harmful
microbes in the VAGINA

A

lactic acid

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9
Q

induced ACIDITY IN THE STOMACH to
prevent the proliferation of
harmful pathogens

A

Hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Reflexes that prevent entry of
microorganisms into the body
system by flushing out microbes

A

mechanical
(urination, detection, sneezing, coughing, vomiting)

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11
Q

Provides innate immunity to viruses or tumor cells

A

natural killer cells

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12
Q

NK cells releases ?

A

perforins and granzyme

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13
Q

functions to kill the infected cell w viruses or cell that have transformed to become
TUMOR OR CANCER CELLS

A

perforins and granzyme

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14
Q

found in epithelium; Acts as ligands for the cell to express a common activating
trigger in the activation of the
receptors found in KAR and KIR

A

MHC MICA & MHC MICB

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15
Q

this attachment commans the NK cell not to attack the normal cell

A

MHC class 1 & KIR

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16
Q

this attachment trigger NK cells to kill normal cell

A

KAR & MICA/MICB (stress molecule)

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17
Q

examine the surface of the
tumor cell in order to determine the levels of MHC class I molecules it has.

A

Killer Inhibirtory Receptors (KIR)

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18
Q

CAN KILL THE CELL OR NOT?

“Missing-self” killing

A

YES

Normal MHC I is missing in the target cell, what remains is the MICA & MICB= KAR is
activated= Killing of the infected cell

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19
Q

NK cells (Innate immunity)

A

NK cells -> attachment of KAR & MICA/MICB = kill

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20
Q

NK cells (adaptive immunity)

A

NK cells [CD16 receptor] -> bind to FC region of antibody = ADCC

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21
Q

receptor of NK cells; attach in FC region of antibody

A

CD16 receptor

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22
Q

process of NK cells attaching to tail end of antibody

A

Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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23
Q

an amino acid produced by the PLATELETS during coagulation and directly ANTIBACTERIAL to GRAM POSITIVE bacteria

A

beta-lysine

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24
Q

Beta- Lysine acts as _ that damages bacterial cell wall of Gram positive bacteria

A

cationic detergent

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25
Q

local response of human tissue to injury

A

inflammation

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26
Q

purpose of inflammation

A

LOCALIZE the infection
ELIMINATE the cause of injury
allow TISSUE REPAIR and healing

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27
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

● Rubor - Redness
● Calor- heat
● Tumor- swelling
● Dolor - pain
● Functio laesa - loss of function

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28
Q

capillaru widening/vasodilation =

A

calor (heat)

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29
Q

Increased capillary permeability =

A

rubor, tumor

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30
Q

release of fluid and the action of (3) = act on nerves causing DOLOR

A

histamines
prostaglandines
bradykinins

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31
Q

Tissue injury can be caused by physical , chemical or pathogenic microorganism .

A

inflammation

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32
Q

inflammation causes (4)

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased capillary widening
  • attraction of WBC
  • systemic response
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33
Q

causes increase in blood flow and capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors in the wound

A

histamine

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34
Q

clotting factor released by histamine; seals the wounded area

A

platelets

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35
Q

In the presence of injury -> damage cells synthesize = will activate ? and send the sensory stimuli to the brain which will be interpreted as pain

A

histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin; peripheral nerves

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36
Q

process of phagocutes traveling from the BLOOD VESSEL to the TISSUE; refers to the movement of WBCs from the capillaries to the tissue surrounding them via chemotaxis

A

LEUKOCYTE EXTRAVASATION

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37
Q

more potent mediators that can also cause an increase in blood flow

A

prostaglandins

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38
Q

the action of histamine + prostaglandin will promote the migration of leukocytes, also know as -

A

chemotaxis

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39
Q

steps of leukocyte extraversion

A

CRAD

Capture/margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis

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40
Q

MARGINATION: WBC expresses ?

A

L-selectin

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41
Q

MARGINATION: Endothelum expresses ?

A

E/P-selectin

42
Q

ADHESION: L-selectin at the surface of the WBC will be replaced by the expression

43
Q

ADHESION: E and P selectin in early phase will be replaced by the
expression of

A

ICAM (Intracellular Adhesion Molecule)

44
Q

Squeezing through of white blood cells in between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

45
Q

diapedesis is also known as

A

transmigration

46
Q

Proteins involved in the four steps of chemotaxis are not encoded by their genes

A

leukocyte adhesion defect

47
Q

leukocyte adhesion defect: type 1-> absence of ?

A

absence of INTEGRIN; affects the Adhesion
step of chemotaxis

48
Q

leukocyte adhesion defect: type 2-> absence of ?

A

absence of L-SELECTIN; affects the Rolling
step of chemotaxis

49
Q

change in direction of movement of a
motile cell in response to a concentration gradient of a specific chemical

A

Chemotactic response

50
Q

movement of lymphocytes
towards the stimulus

A

positive chemotaxin

51
Q

movement of lymphocytes
away from the stimulus

A

negative chemotaxin

52
Q

= to devour

53
Q

= cell

54
Q

= process

55
Q

phagocytosis is a process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an
internal vesicle known as -

56
Q

3 steps of phagocytosis

A

recognition and adhesion
engulfment
digestion

57
Q

Molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms and are not found associated with mammalian cells.

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters (PAMP)

58
Q

Structures used by the phagocytes to identify PAMPs; these structures are found on the phagocytes

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

59
Q

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which play a crucial role in the initiation of innate immune response by detecting potential harmful pathogens.

A

Toll-Like receptors

60
Q

examples of PRRS

A

lipopeptide receptor
flagellin receptor
peptidoglycan receptor

61
Q

TLRs are found on

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
epithelial cells

62
Q

process that allows to kill encapsulated bacteria which are difficult to kill through phagocytosis

A

opsonization

63
Q

substances that facilitate opsonization

A

OPSONINS
- IgG
- C3B
- CRP

64
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS PROCESS: Done by forming a MEMBRANE FOLD around a particle or bacteria; Complete closure of the membrane fold will form the phagosome

A

engulfment

65
Q

Digestion of microbes is made possible only by the organelle

66
Q

Once the bacterium has already been digested, the residual body/waste product will be released outside the cell through

A

exocytosis

67
Q

Failure of the lysosome and phagosome to fuse and form the phagolysosome; Absence of LYST protein

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

68
Q

aid in the fusion of lysosome and phagosome to form phagolysosome

A

Lysosomal Trafficking Proteins (LYST)

69
Q

functions to transfer melanin from melanocytes to keratinocyes

A

LYST protein

70
Q

Absence of LYST =

71
Q

children who have this syndrome will always continue to have
RECURRENT BACTERIAL INFECTION because their phagocytes cannot kill
the bacteria

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

72
Q

Toxic oxygen radicals

A

SUPEROXIDE
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

73
Q

reaction of oxygen and NADPh is medaited by ? producing ?

A

NAPDH oxidase; superoxide

74
Q

more potent toxic oxygen radical

A

hydrogen peroxide

75
Q

Conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide is mediated by the enzyme

A

superoxide dismutase

76
Q

aerobic bacteria can protect themselves by breaking down hydrogen peroxide through

77
Q

Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into the non-toxic substances

A

water and oxygen

78
Q

primary immunodeficiency disorders; ; Characterized by the absence of the phagocyte enzyme NADPH
oxidase

A

CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE

79
Q

A diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have DIFFICULTY FORMING THE REACTIVE OXYGEN RADICALS that will kill the bacteria

A

CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE

80
Q

Group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in
response to the presence of pathogens

A

interferons

81
Q

interferons heightens ? and gives and “early warning signal” to the other cells

A

antiviral defense

82
Q

interferons is part of what kind of immunity

A

nonsepcific innate immunity

83
Q

Mediate the early innate response to viral infection; Have antiviral activities

A

type I interferon

84
Q

INTERFERON: Produced by leukocytes/WBC

A

IFN alpha (IFN-a)

85
Q

INTERFERON: Produced by fibroblasts

A

IFN beta (IFN-b)

86
Q

Decrease viral replication in cells

A

Type II Interferon

87
Q

IFN gamma (IFN-y) ALSO KNOWN AS

A

IMMUNE INTERFERON

88
Q

No antiviral activities

A

type 2 interferon

89
Q

Interferon-gamma is produced by

A

T delayed hypersensitivity cells

90
Q

acute phase reactants is synthesizied in

91
Q

Acts as “temporary antibodies” while
antibodies are not yet formed → provide us “temporary protection”

A

acute phase reactants

92
Q

Transports iron away from bacteria
- Lead to bacterial death

A

Lactoferrin

93
Q

Protein that will then neutralize elastase
- Might escape from the granules of
bacteria upon neutrophil
phagocytosis and destroy
neighboring tissues

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

94
Q

Transports copper away from bacteria

A

Ceruloplasmin

95
Q

Prevents loss of iron by urinary excretion
- Provide protection to kidney from
any form of damage

A

Haptoglobulin

96
Q

Forms clots which can trap bacteria
- Forms fibrin when activated →
produce clots

A

Fibrinogen

97
Q

Opsonin
- Facilitate the action of phagocytes

A

CRP (C-reactive Protein)

98
Q

Fever generating agents

99
Q

Acts on HYPOTHALAMUS to increase body temp

100
Q

Acts on LIVER to produce acute phase reactants

101
Q

characteristic of adaptive immunity

A

specificity
diversity
memory

3J - IMMUNOSERO LEC (1ST SEM: PRELIMS) (4 decks)

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