W3: Erythropoiesis and Anaemia Flashcards
What is blood?
What is ECF made of?
role of plasma?
a) connective tissue with cells in fluid matrix
b) interstitial fluid and plasma
- plasma= acts as buffer, deliver waste/nutrient (to cell and removal)
What does blood contain?
what proteins?
proteins travel inactivated or activated?
- plasma, mainly water,
- protein (lots of diff types- albumins, globulins= immunoglobulin), fibrinogen- for clotting
- proteins inactivated ‘inogen’= inactive, active= change name
- gases: CO2 and O2
all needed for homeostasis
Which plasma protein is most in the blood?
- albumin= heaps. transport (60%), made in liver then release to blood to circulate.
- proteins= fluid movement, creates osmotic gradient for molecules to move.
Blood composition
If you took blood, let it clot, there would be fluid on top separate and cellular heavier part. What cells are these?
cellular element : RBC (majority), WBC (1%) and platelets
- WBC = 5 types, key to immune response
lymph, monocytes= globular larger nuclei, a-granular (no granules)
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils= cluster nuclei with granulocyte clusters
Cellular Constituents of Blood
- diff btw WBC and RBC
- RBC aka erythrocytes ‘red cells’, role in gas transport,
- no nuclei, concave
WBC= larger, act ON tissue (vs RBC just in blood)
What different processes of Haematopoiesis are there?
List in order from the highest volume, the layers of blood once centrifuged.
- means make blood
- aka erythopoeisis (RBC)
- cell= RBC 45%, buffy coat- WBC/platelet 1% white layer, Plasma 55%
Why do we need hematopoiesis?
- blood cells turnover, need process, esp WBC
- RBC ~120 days, bc no nucleus so it breaks down, need to prod
- WBC- hrs to years. bc nature of it moving out to tissue we can’t study it well, so estimate
- platelets- no internal elements so can’t regenerate so few days
Where does hematopoiesis take place?
bone marrow since we are young
- made in early embryo, as organs dev. blood flow and transport important, WBC needed to fight infections
- all bone marrow in bone contribute
- older and mature= pelvis, spine, long proximal bones
- active marrow= reddy colour
- inactive marrow= yellow colour
- turnover WBC more than RBC
- starts with stem cell: Bone marrow transplant for blood based disorders
What is Erythropoiesis?
What is at the start of the process?
How much RBC is produced?
- make RBC
- 2.5 billion per kg/day :O
- begines with stem cell= haematopoetic
- prelim cells= erythroblasts
- change in size/composition= lose organelle, day 15= typical RBC look, bit of lil nucleus
- mature= reticularcytes= pre mature erythrocyte
- # reticularcytes, lose organells= mature E (takes 20 days ish)
Maturation to erythrocytes
- importance of RBC shape
- how long does it take for RBC to mature and where do they go?
- lose cell size as mature, change to biconcave shape
- movement into cell and spleen
- pink red due to Hb
- sack full of Hb= binds O2/CO2 to transport
- ~ gas cells
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Hb composition
- where O2 binds
Hb= 4 protein chain ( 2b and 2 a), in the middle of globulin chain= 4 heme groups with IRON core (collective= porforrin ring= where O2 binds, up to 4 O2)
- iron core + 4 O2 binds
huge O2 store of O2 in body.
Importance of Iron
- how is iron obtained?
- what destroys dead RBC?
- how is dead RBC removed?
- O2 carrying capacity
- use iron to make it to Hg, need to consume it externally= DIET in order to make healthy RBC in body.
iron + heme group + O2= circulating RBC (degrades by spleen)
- RBC excreted as bilirubin or recycled.
Erythropoiesis
- control of process
- what do we need for RBC prod
- controlled by protein called EPO which is sometimes considered a hormone, large glycoprotein + other cytokines that can contribute
- EPO made by kidneys,
Negative feedback::
- RBC prod triggered by LOW levels of blood= low O2 carrying capacity= recieved by kidneys, sends signal for body to make EPO goes to BM receptor (bone marrow generates) release to circulation
- O2 carrying capacity is normal
Before synthetic EPO (NOW BANNED): blood doping= trigger low O2, so body produce EPO (increase RBC, makes blood thick, dangerous)
body recycles what?
- can use iron, Hg component again in body
- dw too much
Anaemia
- prevalence
- nature
- diff ways anemia can occur
- 25% population anaemic
- anemia= poor number or quality of RBC, e.g. shape bad= no exchange, blockages etc
-e.g. BM issue, condition causing destruction, or trauma losing blood
Different presentations of anaemia
- hypochromatic= most common, due to Hg prod (thalassemia)
- microcytic: iron def (hypochromatic)
- Macrocytic: swollen. larger, function bad bc no convcave= no exchange
- Normocytic: less RBC in body
Iron deficiency anaemia
- hypochromatic + monochromatic= anemia mainly takes place
- e.g. youth growth spurt needs iron or bocdy comp. // poor diet (low socioeconomic, no nutrients), not eating meats, blood loss.
Microcytic anaemia
-know that this is when RBC is smaller.
much smaller, looks damaged compared to normal RBC
- Histology: good= yellow light middle, larger= thick
- causes: genetic/prod of Hg
large RBC are calleed_____?
What is the cause?
- rare prev.
- due to Vit B12 deficiency.
- issue uptake of V12 in body= pernicious anemia, WBC needed for immune, e.g. surgery in gut
- alcohol: gen have anemia
common in people who my lose blood vol due to e.g. pregnancy/ or secondary condition?
Anaemia etiology & symptoms
signs: mainly women, lots of kids due to growth, ATSI have prev
- tired, dizz
severe: heart palp
signs: pale
Oral manifestations of anaemia
- smooth tongue= atrophic glossus
- cracked skin= at angle of mouth iron def.
Which organs important in making RBC?
- essential o(make), GIT (absorb), excrete organs that make EP: BM, kidney, spleen/liver (to bilirubin)
LO
