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BIO143 > W3 > Flashcards

W3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of nervous system development?

A
  1. cell proliferation
  2. cell differentiation (1. and 2. are dependent on one another)
  3. cell migration (wanderung) - also connected with differentiation.
  4. cell death (getting rid of mistakes)- apoptosis
  5. neural circuit formation
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2
Q

Steps of neural circuit formation.

A
  1. Axon growth
  2. axon guidance
  3. taget recognition (need to know when to start building synapse)
  4. synapsenbildung
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3
Q

During the first processes of circuit development, is their electrical activity?

A

no

activity-independent

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4
Q

Is the development of a functionin nervous system dependent of electrical activity?

A

Yes. pruning and apoptosis are regulated by synapse firing.

activity-dependent

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5
Q

In the frog embryo, which proteins promote the building of the epidermis and ectodermis?

A

BMPs (Bone morphogenic proteins)

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6
Q

How is the neural tissue differentiated form the epidermis?

A

Noggin, Chordin and Follistatin come from speman’s organiser and suppress BMP. BMP promotes epidermis.

It seems that neural tissue is the default.

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7
Q

What are the steps of neurulation?

A
  1. Shaping
  2. folding
  3. elevation
  4. convergence
  5. closure
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8
Q

What is the organiser in the chick embrio?

A

Hensen’s node, at the anterior end of the primative streak.

Primitivknoten am anterioren ende des Primitivstreifens.

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9
Q

What are the 3 primitive layers from top to bottom?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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10
Q

What forms after the neural groove?

A

The cells around the nerual groove thicken and form the neural plate.

The neural plate then starts to fold and builds the neural groove (or furrow) This will becom the midline of the embryo.

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11
Q

What adult strucutrues does the neural tube form?

A

Ventricles in the brain, central canal of the spinal cord,

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12
Q

What major subdivisions of the brain are present after 24 hours?

A

Telencephalon and diencephelon, mesencephalon (midbrain) and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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13
Q

What is the role of the notochord?

A

Works as an organiser of the nervous system.

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14
Q

What promotes the differentiation of neural cells from neural stem cells?

A

lateral inhibition.

  • Delta protein binds to notch receptor on neighbouring cell.
  • Notch is cleaved and the Notch intracellualar domain (NICD) is transported to nucleus
  • NICD binds to RBP-J inhibiting RBP-j repression
  • This leads to transcription of Hes transcription factors including bHLH which is responsible for neural differentiation.

increase in Notch increases bHLH, decrease in Notch decreases bHLH.

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15
Q

How are the dorsal and ventral sides of the neural tube determined?

A

SHH is released by the notochord - determines ventral cells.

BMP released by roof plate - induces dorsal side.

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16
Q

How do cells of the same type get together in neurolisation?

A

They travel to be with friends.

17
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G0 - resting (environmental factors can have an influence here.
  2. G1 - growth factors present
  3. S - DNA reproduces itself
  4. G2
  5. M - Mitosis
18
Q

Behaviour of cells in neural tube in symmetrical cell division.

A
  1. G1 through S to G2, cell processes touching roof and Lumen of neural tube- cell body moves up and down again.
  2. M stage, top process releases form roof, cell divides vertically.
  3. G1 cell processes reach up to the top again, and cell body starts to rise
19
Q

Asymmetrical division

A

Gives rise to different daughter cells

  • asymetrical divission of Notch-1 and Numb are responsible for asymetrical divison
  • cell division is horizontal, daughter cell is attached to the roof.
20
Q

Where does cell proliferation occur?

A
  • ventricular zone
  • subvertricular zone (still active in adult)
  • external gerinal layer (kleinhirn)
21
Q

In the cortex how do cells migrate radially?

A
  • After last asymmetrical division, cells migrate up Radial glia cells.
  • They stop when they reach the Cajal-Retzius neurons.
  • Each new cell travels though existing cell layers.
  • The inner most cells in the cortex are the oldest.
22
Q

How do cells migrate in the cerebellum?

A
  • stem cells not only in the ventricular zone.
  • corn cells are born on the outside of the cerebellum and wanter inwards.
23
Q

How are neuronal cells differentiated?

A

Through the path of their migration

  • medial pathway - Dorsal root ganglion, Spinal Ganglion
  • Lateral pathway - melanocytes

Cells cannot migrate through the posterior side of the somites - therefore cells gather and make ganglia.

24
Q

Programmed Cell death

A

apoptosis

  • When a limb is removed, motor cells die/new limb, more motor cells
  • amount and type of neurotrophine decides whether a cell lives or dies.
  • lots of different neurotrophines, cells need the right receptor.
  • When a cell is in the wrong place it dies.
25
Q

Example of a neurotrophine needed for the survival of neurons.

A

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

26
Q

Axon Growth

A
  • Growth cone factors Actin (for length) and Tubulin (for stabilisation)
  • Cytoskeletal elements - F-actin, Tyrosiniertes Tubulin, Acetyliertes Tubulin
27
Q

Axon guidance

A

Combination of positive and negative, long and short range signals.

28
Q

Target recognition

A

Still don’t know

29
Q

What are the possible combinations of nerve cell an muscle fiber connections?

A

one nerve cell can innervate may muscle fibres, one muscle fibre can only be innervated by on nerve cell.

Polyinnervation is eliminated after birth

BIO143 (12 decks)

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