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Human Diseases > W3 15 Prevention Of Infections > Flashcards

W3 15 Prevention Of Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is transmission?

A

The movement of pathogens from a reservoir to a host

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2
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

The habitat in which the pathogen usually lives. Might be humans, animals, environment.

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3
Q

What is the host?

A

The final organism in which the pathogen received nourishment and shelter

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4
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Might be infected but asymptomatic, eg hep B

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5
Q

Give some human reservoirs

A

Blood borne viruses
STIs
Measles and mumps
Some respiratory pathogens

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6
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

When an infection spreads from animal to humans

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7
Q

Examples of zoonosis

A

Rabies, Brucellosis, anthrax

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8
Q

Examples of environmental reservoirs

A

Eg tetanus can live in the soil, legionella is in water sources

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9
Q

What is a chain of infection?

A

A pathogen can exist in a reservoir where it us not causing any issues, and by a variety of modes it can go onto a susceptible host.
Includes infectious agents, reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, portals of entry, susceptible host

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10
Q

Examples of direct spread transmission

A

Direct contact between reservoir and host, eg skin contact, fluid exchange
Droplet spread

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11
Q

Examples of indirect spread transmission

A

Airborne transmission - eg carried by dust
Vehicle borne transmission - eg food, fomites, water etc on surfaces
Vector borne transmission

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12
Q

Host is the final link in the chain of infection. They must be susceptible. What does contracting the disease depend on?

A

Genetic factors
Specific immunity - eg protective antibodies, immunisation, previous exposure, vertical transmission
Non-specific factors:
- natural barriers like skin, mucous membranes, cilia, gastric acidity.
- compromise eg alcoholism, malnutrition, immunosuppression

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13
Q

What do patterns of spreading disease depend on?

A

Population factors - eg genetics, sex, population habits
Pathogen factors - eg requiring specific intermediate host/vector
Environments factors - eg climate, soil

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14
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of how often disease occur in different groups of people and why

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15
Q

What is public health?

A

Refers to all organised measures to prevent disease, promote health and prolong life among the population as a whole.

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16
Q

What is an epidemic vs a pandemic?

A

Epidemic: An increase in the number of cases of a disease that is above what is normally expected for that particular population in a given area
Pandemic: an epidemic that has spread across several countries of continents affecting a large number of people

17
Q

What is endemic?

A

The constant presence/usual prevalence of a disease in a population in a given area (eg the flu)

18
Q

What does sporadic mean?

A

An infrequent and irregular occurrence of a disease

19
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence - measure of probability of disease occurrence in a population in a defined period of time
Prevalence - proportion of a particular population found to have a disease

20
Q

What are some epidemiological approaches?

A

Define case: a standard set of criteria to classify if a person has the disease
Identifying counts and rates in a population

21
Q

What study types are there?

A

Cohort study - group of people enrolled, then determined to have exposure or not. Follow the cohorts to track whether disease is developed.
Case control study - group of people enrolled already with the disease, then comparison group without disease enrolled and previous exposures analysed.

22
Q

What does an epidemic curve plot?

A

Number of cases against time

23
Q

What is an incubation period?

A

You won’t develop the disease straight away, it takes time for bacteria to multiply and cause disease.

24
Q

Different patterns shown in epidemic analysis?

A

Point source - single exposure, no person-person spread
Continuing source - ongoing source of infection
Intermittent outbreak - not well controlled - recurring outbreaks
Single source with delayed control measures
Full blow epidemic - continues until number of susceptible people declines or control measures take place

25
Q

Preventative measures in public health

A

Health promotion - eg policies and interventions, advice etc
Disease prevention - eg vaccination,

26
Q

Infection control in dentistry

A

Bare measures - pg176 if u want to read

27
Q

READ THIS LECTURE!

A

Read rather than memorise tbf

28
Q

What are answers to most decontamination questions?

A

HTM 01-05

Human Diseases (75 decks)

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