W2 multi-level influences on behaviour Flashcards
Direct effect
A direct effect is when an influence impacts on a behaviour without any intervening factors
e.g., Attitudes about exercise can directly influence exercise behaviour. A positive attitude that exercise is important and beneficial increases the likelihood that someone does exercise. A negative attitude that exercise is hard and not necessary decreases the likelihood that someone does exercise.
Indirect effect
e.g., The presence of street lights in a local area increases perceptions of safety, and perceptions of safety increase the likelihood of walking at night. The street lights do not directly impact walking behaviour, but indirectly affect walking behaviour via perceptions of safety. Perceived safety is the direct influence and street lights are an indirect influence
Levels of influence
Downstream (micro)
- biological and physiological factors
Midstream (intermediate)
- behavioural attributes
- psychological factors
- social factors
Upstream (macro)
- physical, economic, political and cultural environments
Downstream factors
age, gender, genetics, hormones, health and physical functioning
Midstream: behavioural attributes
complexity demand/effort variety novelty/habit skill time resources required
Midstream: psychological factors
- confidence and self esteem
- knowledge
- attitudes and beliefs (capabilities, control, competence)
- optimism and outcome expectancies (benefits and risks)
- goals and values
- commitment and motivation
- emotions
- coping
Midstream: social factors
Social support
- emotional
- material
- informational
- network
Sources of this support
- family
- friends
- professionals
- other
Midstream: social factors, macro sense
- group norms and cohesion
- leadership and supervision
- role models
- social pressure and organisational climate
- conflicts
- comparisons and social identity
- care responsibilities
- companionship
- stigma
Upstream: physical environment
resources
infrastructure: availability and accessibility
aesthetics
Upstream: economic environment
costs education employment occupation: prestige, working conditions, income housing and area of residence
Upstream: cultural environment
belief systems practices values norms roles/boundaries
Upstream: political/policy environment
health welfare housing transport taxation legal safety organisational professional practice
Transtheoretical model: Stages of change
*look up image
Theoretical Domains Framework
*look up image
understanding why somebody chooses to engage in a behaviour
