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BM1011 > W2 Lecture 2 28/02 > Flashcards

W2 Lecture 2 28/02 Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

Epithelium (stratified squamous), upper layers dead, filled with keratin (waxy protein), living cells replaced every 35-45 days

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3
Q

Epidermis keratinocytes

A

Keratinocytes - squamous epithelial cells, Stem cells – in the basal layer, Contain keratin – protein, tough and non-polar (water insoluble), Also have lipids interspersed (also non-polar)

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4
Q

Other cells in the epidermis

A

Melanocytes – epithelial cells, make melanin
Tactile (Merkel) cells – epithelial cells, detect touch, connect to a neuron
Dendritic cells – immune cells

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5
Q

Protection versus UV

A

Less cells in palms/soles, skin colour depends on production rates, eumelanin is brown/black - absorbs UV

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6
Q

Genetics - albinism

A

Autosomal recessive disorder
Defect in melanin production/distribution
Very pale skin
May affect eyes
Sensitive to UV damage

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7
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells, Forms a near, continuous network, Detect invaders, Actually connective tissue cells

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8
Q

Tactile cells

A

Formerly called Merkel cells, Epithelia adapted to detect touch, Connect to neurons (nerve cells)

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9
Q

Function of keratinocytes (cell type of the epidermis)

A

Barrier to polar molecule movement and pathogen

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10
Q

Function of melanocytes (cell type of the epidermis)

A

Produce melanin, protect from UV

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11
Q

Function of dendritic cells (cell type of the epidermis)

A

Monitor skin bacteria, detect pathogens

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12
Q

What does dermis contain??

A

Neurons, blood vessels, receptors, hair follicles, sweat glands

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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14
Q

Papillary

A

20%, loose (aerolar) connective tissue, superficial
Contains blood vessels, neurons, tactile cells
Fingerprints

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15
Q

Reticular

A

80%, dense connective tissue, much collagen and elastin, deeper, form stretch marks, continuous with hypodermis

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16
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Formed by collagen and elastin, in parallel bundles, important in surgery

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17
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer, mainly adipose tissue
insulation, infants and elderly have less

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18
Q

The dermis of the skin is deep relative to..

A

Epidermis

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19
Q

Which layer of the dermis is strongest and why?

A

Reticular layer - dense CT has more structural properties

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20
Q

Which layer of the skin is deep relative to the dermis and is made of adipose cells?

A

Hypodermis/ hypodermic

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21
Q

What do adipose cells contain and what is their function in this layer of skin?

A

Fat (lipids) for insulation

22
Q

Skin secretions

A
  1. low pH retards bacterial multiplication – sweat
  2. sebum oils and defensins kill bacteria
23
Q

Dendritic cells of epidermis and macrophages of dermis

A

Present foreign antigens to white blood cells

24
Q

Dilation

A

Heat loss (conduction) & prevent heat gain

25
Q

Constriction

A

Heat retention

26
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Epithelial ducts project into dermis/hypodermis. Have nerve and blood supply. Secrete onto epidermal surface. Cuboidal and columnar epithelium.

27
Q

Eccrine - skins (sweat glands cont.)

A

All over skin, secrete water

28
Q

Apocrine

A

In axillary regions. Secrete water + protein, oil

29
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secrete sebum (oil). Most on hair follicles

30
Q

Parts of the hair

A

Shaft, Follicle/root, Bulb, Papilla, Arrector pili, Sebaceous gland

31
Q

What type of tissue are hair follicles and sweat glands made from?

A

Epithelial tissue

32
Q

5 main modalities of cutaneous sensations

A

Pressure, touch, temperature, pain, itch

33
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Are the branching tips of sensory neurons; are unprotected & nonspecific; can respond to tactile, pain, and temperature stimuli

34
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Monitor distortions and movements across the body surface; adapt rapidly

35
Q

Tactile Discs

A

Fine touch and pressure receptors; are extremely sensitive tonic receptors with very small receptive fields.

36
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Unusually large epithelial cells in the stratum germinativum of the skin.

37
Q

Tactile discs (Merkel) (touch)

A

Epidermis

38
Q

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

A

Dermis
- in hairless skin

39
Q

Hair follicle receptors

A

Dermis
- detect hair bending

40
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles (pressure)

A

Dermis
- especially vibration

41
Q

Bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

A

Deep dermis, hypodermis
- deep continuous pressure

42
Q

Heat (temperature)

A

Nerve endings, deeper in the dermis

43
Q

Cold

A

Nerve endings, more superficial in the dermis

44
Q

Nociceptors (pain)

A

Fast pain and slow pain

45
Q

Different kinds respond to: (4)

A

Excessive heat, pinch, chemicals (acid), (itch)

46
Q

What are the four sensation modalities?

A

Touch, pressure, temperature, pain, + itch

47
Q

What are pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors. They are modified nerve endings.

48
Q

In which layer of skin are most of these sensations detected?

A

Dermis

49
Q

What is a burn?

A

Temperature damage to skin. Classified by the level of penetration to which damage occurs.

50
Q

First degree

A

Top layer of skin or epidermis

51
Q

Second degree

A

Middle layer of skin or dermis

52
Q

Third degree

A

Deepest layer of skin or hypodermis

BM1011 (6 decks)

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