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BM1011 > Lecture 1 20/02 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 20/02 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the hierarchy of organisation of the body

A

Chemical (atoms combine to form molecules), cell (made up of molecules), tissue (consist of similar types of cells), organ (made up of different types of tissues), organ system (consist of different organs that work together closely), organism (human organism made up of many organ systems)

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2
Q

Define homeostasis

A

‘steady state’ - the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. Although the external environment is changing constantly. Each body system contributes to the homeostasis of other systems and of the entire organism.

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3
Q

Variables (things to be kept stable)

A

body temp, blood pH, blood glucose levels, amount of compounds in the blood, blood pressure, water

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4
Q

Name the 11 organ systems of the body

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, renal, digestive, reproductive

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5
Q

name key organs in the organ system and describe the main functions - Integumentary System (structural)

A

Organs: Skin
Function: separate body from the external environment, protection

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6
Q

Skeletal System (structural)

A

Organs: Bones
Function: structural support + protection, production of blood cells

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7
Q

Muscular System (movement)

A

Organs: Muscles
Function: Voluntary movement of the body

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8
Q

Nervous System (communications)

A

Organs: brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, nerves
Function: conduct electrical signals, detect stimuli, process stimuli, stimulate responses

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9
Q

Endocrine System (communications)

A

Organs: endocrine glands, most organs
Function: transmit chemical signals (hormones) into blood, regulate body function

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10
Q

Cardiovascular System (transport)

A

Organs: heart, blood vessels
Function: transport blood around the body

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11
Q

Lymphatic System (transport)

A

Organs: lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
Function: transport lymph around the body, immunity

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12
Q

Respiratory System (exchange)

A

Organs: lungs, airways
Function: gas exchange between body and environment

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13
Q

Renal System (exchange)

A

Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: filter blood, regulate electrolytes, remove nitrogenous waste, produce urine

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14
Q

Digestive System (exchange)

A

Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, pancreas
Function: digest and absorb nutrients, regulation of nutrients in the body, excrete wastes

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15
Q

Reproductive System

A

Organs: F - mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
M - penis testes, accessory glands, ducts
Function: reproduction

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16
Q

(a) epithelial cells, fibroblasts, erythrocytes

A

cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases

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17
Q

(b) skeletal muscle cell, smooth muscle cells

A

cells that move organs and body parts

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18
Q

(c) fat cell

A

cell that stores nutrients

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19
Q

(d) macrophage

A

cell that fights disease

20
Q

(e) nerve cell

A

cell that gathers information and controls body function

21
Q

(f) sperm

A

cell of reproduction

22
Q

Animal Cell

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelles

23
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

A

jelly-like intracellular fluid, organelles are suspended in it, chemical reactions can happen in it, cyto=cell and plasm=”fluid/living substance”

24
Q

Cell Membrane

A

separates intracellular environment (inside of cell) from exterior environment), protective barrier, controls what can move into and out of the cell, composed primarily of phospholipids

25
Q

Components that makeup cell membrane

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins

26
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

lipids and proteins not rigidly locked in place, allow and control movement of substances in and out of cell, allows certain cells to change shape

27
Q

Organelle Formation

A

organelles are like miniature cells within the cell, have a membrane around the outside, have specific transport proteins in their membrane, have specific proteins inside them to perform their function

28
Q

Organelles

A

Involved in protein synthesis: nucleus + ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex
Mitochondria: ATP (energy produced here)
Lysosomes - break down wastes
Vesicles/Vacuoles - storage/transport

29
Q

Proteins

A

Regulatory (hormones, neurotransmitters), enzymes (essential to every chemical reaction that takes place in our body), structural, protective, serve in transport and storage

30
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA, controls the function of the cell, DNA codes for proteins, DNA does not leave nucleus, “message” carried as RNA

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, produce ATP required by the cell, thousands in a cell, consume oxygen

32
Q

Lysosomes and Vesicles

A

L: cell’s garbage disposal, contain enzymes that can digest protein + lipids. L can destroy disease-carrying organisms after they are engulfed by the cell

33
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure and form common/related function

34
Q

Four Tissues Types (a)Epithelium

A

lining of organs and body, secrete/absorb fluids

35
Q

(b)Connective Tissue

A

holds body together, protection, support and structure

36
Q

(c)Nervous Tissue

A

electrical signalling

37
Q

(d)Muscle Tissue

A

movement - each organ has at least 2 tissue types (usually all four)

38
Q

Location, characteristics, structural & functional classification of each tissue type - (a)Epithelium

A

cover surfaces, line organs
Functions: protection - barrier
absorption - depends on cell junction and transporters
secretion - transporters and vesicles
filtration - gap junctions

39
Q

(a)Epithelium - cellular properties (structural on paper)

A

regenerates quickly, avascular (no blood vessels), many cells, little matrix

40
Q

(b)Connective Tissue

A

binding and support, protection, insulation, fuel reserve, transport

41
Q

(b)Connective Tissue components

A

Ground Substance - material that fills space between cells and contains fibers
Fibers - proteins that provide support, collagen, elastic, reticular
Cells - resident cells type, immature (-blast), mature (-cyte) i.e. Osteoblasts, osteocytes

42
Q

(b)Connective Tissue Types

A

LOOSE: doesn’t contain much protein
Areolar: widely distributed, packing material between other tissues, wraps and cushions organs
Adipose - adipocytes (fat): fuel storage, insulates, protects organs
Reticular: only reticular fibers, forms network around capillaries and lymph organs

43
Q

(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.

A

DENSE
Regular: parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscle to bones and bones to bones, ligaments and tendons
Irregular: collagen fibers arranged irregularly, tensions exerted from different directions, skin, joints
Elastic: lots of elastic fibers, allows recoil after stretching, walls of arteries

44
Q

(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.

A

CARTILAGE: properties between dense and bone, resists stretch and compression, many parts of body - ends of bones, connects ribs to sternum, trachea

45
Q

(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.

A

BLOOD: fluid matrix, red and white cells, transport
BONE (matrix, not organ): structural and protection, hard and rigid, minerals and collagen

46
Q

(c)Muscle Tissue

A

move, change shape
- 3 types based on location: skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart only), smooth (involuntary)

47
Q

(d)Nerve Tissue

A

Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, organs
Neurons: nerve cells, conduct signals
Support cells (neuroglia): support, protect and insulate neurons

BM1011 (6 decks)

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