Lecture 1 20/02 Flashcards
Describe the hierarchy of organisation of the body
Chemical (atoms combine to form molecules), cell (made up of molecules), tissue (consist of similar types of cells), organ (made up of different types of tissues), organ system (consist of different organs that work together closely), organism (human organism made up of many organ systems)
Define homeostasis
‘steady state’ - the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. Although the external environment is changing constantly. Each body system contributes to the homeostasis of other systems and of the entire organism.
Variables (things to be kept stable)
body temp, blood pH, blood glucose levels, amount of compounds in the blood, blood pressure, water
Name the 11 organ systems of the body
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, renal, digestive, reproductive
name key organs in the organ system and describe the main functions - Integumentary System (structural)
Organs: Skin
Function: separate body from the external environment, protection
Skeletal System (structural)
Organs: Bones
Function: structural support + protection, production of blood cells
Muscular System (movement)
Organs: Muscles
Function: Voluntary movement of the body
Nervous System (communications)
Organs: brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, nerves
Function: conduct electrical signals, detect stimuli, process stimuli, stimulate responses
Endocrine System (communications)
Organs: endocrine glands, most organs
Function: transmit chemical signals (hormones) into blood, regulate body function
Cardiovascular System (transport)
Organs: heart, blood vessels
Function: transport blood around the body
Lymphatic System (transport)
Organs: lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
Function: transport lymph around the body, immunity
Respiratory System (exchange)
Organs: lungs, airways
Function: gas exchange between body and environment
Renal System (exchange)
Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: filter blood, regulate electrolytes, remove nitrogenous waste, produce urine
Digestive System (exchange)
Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, pancreas
Function: digest and absorb nutrients, regulation of nutrients in the body, excrete wastes
Reproductive System
Organs: F - mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
M - penis testes, accessory glands, ducts
Function: reproduction
(a) epithelial cells, fibroblasts, erythrocytes
cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases
(b) skeletal muscle cell, smooth muscle cells
cells that move organs and body parts
(c) fat cell
cell that stores nutrients
(d) macrophage
cell that fights disease
(e) nerve cell
cell that gathers information and controls body function
(f) sperm
cell of reproduction
Animal Cell
cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelles
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
jelly-like intracellular fluid, organelles are suspended in it, chemical reactions can happen in it, cyto=cell and plasm=”fluid/living substance”
Cell Membrane
separates intracellular environment (inside of cell) from exterior environment), protective barrier, controls what can move into and out of the cell, composed primarily of phospholipids
Components that makeup cell membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
lipids and proteins not rigidly locked in place, allow and control movement of substances in and out of cell, allows certain cells to change shape
Organelle Formation
organelles are like miniature cells within the cell, have a membrane around the outside, have specific transport proteins in their membrane, have specific proteins inside them to perform their function
Organelles
Involved in protein synthesis: nucleus + ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex
Mitochondria: ATP (energy produced here)
Lysosomes - break down wastes
Vesicles/Vacuoles - storage/transport
Proteins
Regulatory (hormones, neurotransmitters), enzymes (essential to every chemical reaction that takes place in our body), structural, protective, serve in transport and storage
Nucleus
contains DNA, controls the function of the cell, DNA codes for proteins, DNA does not leave nucleus, “message” carried as RNA
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, produce ATP required by the cell, thousands in a cell, consume oxygen
Lysosomes and Vesicles
L: cell’s garbage disposal, contain enzymes that can digest protein + lipids. L can destroy disease-carrying organisms after they are engulfed by the cell
Tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure and form common/related function
Four Tissues Types (a)Epithelium
lining of organs and body, secrete/absorb fluids
(b)Connective Tissue
holds body together, protection, support and structure
(c)Nervous Tissue
electrical signalling
(d)Muscle Tissue
movement - each organ has at least 2 tissue types (usually all four)
Location, characteristics, structural & functional classification of each tissue type - (a)Epithelium
cover surfaces, line organs
Functions: protection - barrier
absorption - depends on cell junction and transporters
secretion - transporters and vesicles
filtration - gap junctions
(a)Epithelium - cellular properties (structural on paper)
regenerates quickly, avascular (no blood vessels), many cells, little matrix
(b)Connective Tissue
binding and support, protection, insulation, fuel reserve, transport
(b)Connective Tissue components
Ground Substance - material that fills space between cells and contains fibers
Fibers - proteins that provide support, collagen, elastic, reticular
Cells - resident cells type, immature (-blast), mature (-cyte) i.e. Osteoblasts, osteocytes
(b)Connective Tissue Types
LOOSE: doesn’t contain much protein
Areolar: widely distributed, packing material between other tissues, wraps and cushions organs
Adipose - adipocytes (fat): fuel storage, insulates, protects organs
Reticular: only reticular fibers, forms network around capillaries and lymph organs
(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.
DENSE
Regular: parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscle to bones and bones to bones, ligaments and tendons
Irregular: collagen fibers arranged irregularly, tensions exerted from different directions, skin, joints
Elastic: lots of elastic fibers, allows recoil after stretching, walls of arteries
(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.
CARTILAGE: properties between dense and bone, resists stretch and compression, many parts of body - ends of bones, connects ribs to sternum, trachea
(b)Connective Tissue Types cont.
BLOOD: fluid matrix, red and white cells, transport
BONE (matrix, not organ): structural and protection, hard and rigid, minerals and collagen
(c)Muscle Tissue
move, change shape
- 3 types based on location: skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (heart only), smooth (involuntary)
(d)Nerve Tissue
Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, organs
Neurons: nerve cells, conduct signals
Support cells (neuroglia): support, protect and insulate neurons
