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RESEARCH > W2 Critical Reading Strategies > Flashcards

W2 Critical Reading Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

List Critical Reading of Nursing Research (in order)

A
  1. Preliminary Reading
  2. Comprehensive understanding
  3. Analysis Understanding
  4. Synthesis
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2
Q

List the steps involved in comprehension/understanding

A

Preliminary understanding: Skim abstract and article. Might decide to stop reading.

Comprehensive understanding: Understand author’s intent, review unfamiliar terms, terms in relation to context – what is the perspective this researcher is taking, what variables is he using.

Analysis understanding: Understand parts, critique soundness- (For the Fox article what to be able to critique the soundness of the methodology & ?

Synthesis understanding: Put together and make sense

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3
Q

By end of your critical reading you will be able to critically appraise the study by asking what questions?

A
  1. What are the study results?
  2. Are they valid, i.e., were they obtained by sound scientific methods? (big part of this course) - Quality & Validity
  3. Will the results help me in my practice, i.e., what are the clinical significant & useful, generalizable ideas here to my patient population?
    * Goal: begin to determine the value of the article for your purpose & start critiquing study for its scientific merit, application to practice. You begin to critique! Role is a consumer role! * Important to know Role & Goal*
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4
Q

In able to critique we must learn to…..

A

Need to learn basics of research (e.g. Variables, hypotheses)

Need to learn research process/steps

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5
Q

List the the Quantitative research Process/ Steps

Always has a hypothesis

A
  1. Research problem/ Problem statement
  2. Literature review followed by a CF/ TF (most of the time have a CF/TF but not always)
  3. Study purpose/ Research Question/ Hypotheses
  4. Research design
  5. Sample
  6. Ethics

8.Data collection/ Instruments/scales/surveys to measure variables which define concepts

  1. Data analysis
  2. Results
  3. Discussion of findings
  4. Conclusions, implications and recommendations
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6
Q

List the Qualitative Research Process/ Steps

A

1.Research problem/ Problem statement/
Identifying the phenomenon of interest

  1. Literature review (often short or integrated with discussion of findings).
  2. Study purpose/ Research question (Never hypotheses)
  3. Research design
  4. Sample
  5. Ethics

7.Data collection (no instruments/scales; may measure demographic variables but only to describe sample).
Interview guides with probe questions

8.Data analysis (may be integrated with data collection)

  1. Results
  2. Discussion of findings
  3. Conclusions, implications and recommendations
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7
Q

Describe the criteria required in developing a research question.

A

A concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense and including one or more variables/concepts

Research questions focus on:

  • Describing variables
  • Specifying the population being studied
  • Examining testable relationships among variables
  • IF it has all of these things it’s a good research question
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8
Q

What is the Research Question Development Process:

A

Research questions should:

  • Define specific topic area
  • Review the relevant literature
  • Identify the potential significance to nursing
  • Reflect the feasibility of studying the research question
  • Research questions can be developed in the clinical setting if you start to see trends.
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9
Q

Research Question Examples:

A

What are community-based stakeholders’ views on care for pregnant and parenting people? (Smith, Edwards, Varcoe, Martens, & Davies, 2006)

How is knowledge about clients passed along to other health care professionals? (Edwards & Donner, 2007). Do these questions meet the criteria of a good question from above?

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10
Q

Developing a Research Question: A Consumer Perspective pg 81

A

Research consumers’ search for information from practice is converted into focused clinical questions.

These questions are used as a basis for searching the literature to identify supporting evidence from research.

Significance of the question becomes apparent as the literature is critiqued.

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11
Q

Framing a Clinical Questions:

A

Three key elements:

  1. The Situation (patient, patient population)
  2. The Intervention
  3. The outcome (effect of treatment/intervention): Does it make a difference?
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12
Q

Clinical Question:

A

Does the use of pain diaries in the palliative care of patients with cancer lead to improved pain control?

  1. The situation (cancer patients receiving palliative care)
  2. The intervention (pain diaries)
  3. The quality and cost-effectiveness outcome (decreased pain perception/low cost)
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13
Q

Research Problem/Problem Statement (usually very apparent)

A

Conduct a research study because have:

  • A problem/situation in need of a solution
  • A problem/situation arises when we are uncertain about a phenomenon, i.e, we do not have adequate information about it or enough understanding
  • Always indicate a lack of knowledge of some sort of gap in knowledge

*Significance to nursing practice, health care and/or target population is highlighted – the “so what”?

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14
Q

The Purpose Statement (quantitative & qualitative) tells us what?

A

Tells you the focus of the study

Aims, goals, or objectives
•The purpose of this study is …
•The aim of this study…
•The goal of this study…
•The objective of this study…

*if you see any of this
wording you will know it’s the purpose statement

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15
Q

The Study Purpose tell us what?

A

Aim or goal the researcher hopes to achieve

Suggests the type of design to be used

Implies the level of evidence to be obtained (discover, explore, or describe versus compare, test the effectiveness of, etc.)

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16
Q

Purpose Statement Examples:

A

“The purpose of this ethnographic study was to investigate nurses’ workplace culture as it relates to tobacco use and control” (Shultz, Bottorff, & Johnson, 2006, p. 317).

“The objective of this study was to determine the cost and effectiveness of a transitional discharge model (TDM) of care with clients who have a chronic mental illness” (Forchuk et al., 2005, p. 556).

“The purpose of this study was to determine whether providing individualized information to men who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and their partners would lower their levels of psychological distress and enable them to be more actively involved in treatment decision making” (Davison et al., 2003).

“The purpose of this study was to evaluate the two-year postbirth infant health and maternal outcomes of an early intervention program (EIP) of home visitation by public health nurses (PHNs)” (Koniak-Griffin, Verzemnieks, Anderson, Brecht, Lesser, Kim, & Turner-Pluta, 2003).

17
Q

Purpose Statement (quantitative & Qualitative) tells us what?

A

Tells the reader what to expect:

  • Evaluate …. sounds like an experiment/quasi-experiment
  • Explore lived experience … sounds like phenomenology
  • Indicates the sample & what the general variable/concepts of interest

Should contain concepts/variables, population, and possibly setting

Usually located in the introductory paragraph of the end of the literature review section (therefore, the purpose of this study was ….)

Sometimes no purpose statement. Researcher goes straight to research questions/hypotheses

18
Q

Restatement & clarification of the purpose

A

1.Questions
•Do CCC patients who spend more days in bed/week experience greater orthostatic intolerance?

  1. Objectives
    •The objective of this study is to examine if CCC pts who spend more days in bed/week experience greater orthostatic intolerance.

3.Hypotheses (only in quantitative)
•CCC patients who spend more days in bed/week experience greater orthostatic intolerance.

All 3 can
•Make comparisons between > 2 groups
•Examine relationship of > 2 IV & DV

Questions
•Can be also be written purely descriptively
•What is the relationship between the number of days that CCC patients spend in bed/week and their orthostatic intolerance?

19
Q

Hypothesis or Hypotheses

A

Statement about the relationship between two or more variables that suggests an answer to the research question or addresses the study purpose

Derived from the research problem, literature review, and conceptual framework

Theory based

It is a prediction linking theory to research

Written in declarative format (a statement NOT a question) and predicts a relationship between two or more variables

May be more than 1 hypothesis in a research study – each is subunit or subset of the research problem/addresses part of study purpose

Testable = observable, measurable (not value-laden

20
Q

Types of Hypotheses (some quantitative studies only)

A

Research hypotheses (H1 or Ha)
•Directional: States which way the relationship should exist.
•Non-directional: States the relationship exists, but not the direction

Null hypotheses (aka statistical hypothesis) (H0): 
•No relationship/ difference exists between the independent and dependent variables
21
Q

Testability

A

The second characteristic of a hypothesis is its testability.

The variables of the study must lend themselves to observation, measurement, and analysis.

The hypothesis is either supported or not supported after the data have been collected and analyzed.

The predicted outcome proposed by the hypothesis is or is not congruent with the actual outcome when the hypothesis is tested.

22
Q

Testable: measurable by quantitative methods must:

A

Must illustrate the relationship between variables

Identify an independent variable (IV) and a dependent variable (DV)

Imply testability of the research question

Research Question “should post postoperative patients control how much medication they receive“?” – (NOT testable; value statement; no IV/DV relationship – questionable when you see the word “ should”

REVISE to testable: (IV and DV relationship identified)
•“Is there a relationship between patient controlled analgesia versus nurse-administered analgesia and the perception of postoperative pain?”

•“What is the effect of patient-controlled analgesia on pain ratings provided by post-operative patients?”

23
Q

Feasibility includes:

A 
o	Time
o	Money
o	Expertise
o	Access to subjects
o	Facilities and equipment
o	Is it ethical?
24
Q

What are the Variables in QUANTITATIVE research Review:

A

Variable:
• A property, quality or characteristic of a person, thing, or situation that can change or vary

Types of Variables:
•Independent (X)
•Dependent (Y)
•Demographic variables: Contain background info about sample, like age, gender

•Extraneous variables: rival hypotheses or may be alternate reasons for findings because they cloud/obscure the relationship between the independent & dependent variables

Main types used in QUANTITATIVE research as basis of writing hypotheses & questions for correlational, experimental & quasi-experimental studies:
•Dependent (Y)
•Independent (X)
Neither dependent or independent

25
Q

Variables – The X Factor

A 
Independent variables (IV) – the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable (DV)
• It is either manipulated or not manipulated 
Dependent variable (DV) – the presumed effect that varies with a change in the independent variable (IV)
• It is NOT manipulated
26
Q

Variables – X and Y

A

Is X related to Y?
What is the effect of X on Y
How are X and X2 related to Y?

27
Q

Population:

A

The population (a well-defined set that has certain properties)

It is either specified or implied in the research question

The researcher or reader will have an initial idea of the composition of the study population from the outset

28
Q

Critique Criteria for Problem Statement:

A
  1. How promptly was the research problem introduced?
  2. Has the problem been substantiated – how well?
  3. Has the significance of the research problem been identified?
29
Q

Critique Criteria for Purpose Statement:

A
  1. Does the purpose match/respond to the problem statement?
  2. Was the purpose of the study clear early in the article/report?
  3. Does the purpose contain information that is expected in a good purpose statement:
    a. Variables
    b. Population – sample
    c. Setting

4.Does the question imply the possibility of empirical testing? Can it be answered?

RESEARCH (5 decks)

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