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RESEARCH > W1 Slides > Flashcards

W1 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Why conduct research?

A
  • To Know

* To Understand

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2
Q

List the Ways of Knowing in Nursing: Sources of Knowledge (T.A.T.E.L.S)

A
  • Tradition
  • Authority
  • Trial Error
  • Experience, intuition
  • Logical Reasoning
  • Scientific Method/ Research
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3
Q

List Carper’s Patterns of Knowing:

A

∗Empirics—the science of nursing
∗Aesthetics—the art of nursing
∗Personal knowing
∗Ethics or moral knowing

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4
Q

Research links?

A
  • Theory
  • Practice
  • Education
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5
Q

Historical perspectives: scientific approach to development of knowledge
Characterized by?

A

Order: inquiry conducted following a logical series of steps, according to a pre-specified plan

Control: some aspect of what we are studying to minimize error/bias which threaten our conclusions/validity.

Empiricism: facts are grounded in objective reality

Generalization: gain knowledge that is transportable from specific situation to the general

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6
Q

Assumptions challenged: The advent of qualitative research

A

Reality/knowledge is constructed by human mind or social interactions

Events not necessarily causal & predetermined

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7
Q

What can you tell me about Qualitative Research?

A

concerned primarily with process, rather than outcomes or products.

interested in meaning ¬how people make sense of their lives, experiences, and their structures of the world.

primary instrument for data collection and analysis. Data are mediated through this human instrument, rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines.

involves fieldwork. The researcher physically goes to the people, setting, site, or institution to observe or record behavior in its natural setting.

descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.

The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds abstractions, concepts, hypotheses, and theories from details.

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8
Q

What are the Philosophies of Research Paradigms?

A

Quantitative/Empirical analytic/positivist/received

Qualitative/Naturalistic/perceived

Science comes form a word meaning “knowledge”

Philosophy comes from a word that means “wisdom”

Research is based on philosophical beliefs known as worldviews OR paradigms

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9
Q

Describe Research Paradigms?

A

“Paradigms are sets of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers, which regulate inquiry within disciplines” (Olson, 2006, p. 459)

  • Paradigm is form a Greek word meaning “pattern”
  • Definition of paradigm

“Paradigms are sets of beliefs and practices, shared by communities of researchers, which regulate inquiry within disciplines”

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10
Q

What are the Basic Tenets of Research Paradigms?

A
  • Epistemology “truth”–
  • Ontology “reality”
  • Context “setting”
  • Goals “purpose”
  • Values “ meaning”
  • Researcher stance
  • Methodology
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11
Q

Define Epistemology

A

Epistemology deals with what we know, that is, “truth”. The origins, nature, and limits of knowledge are included. Epistemology deals with why and how we know some things and what constitutes our knowing.

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12
Q

Ontology (from the Greek onto, meaning “to be”)

A

Ontology is the science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistience.

Deals with what is real (versus fictitious or appearance) and with nature o f reality (or matter).

There are two views of reality: in the received or positivist view, one reality exists and human kind seeks to learn the laws of nature, whereas in the perceived or constructivist view, reality is constructed differently by different people. For example what the client perceives as real and important may go unnoticed by nurses.

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13
Q

Define Contex

A

Context refers to the environment where something occurs. The context of research studies can include physical settings, such as the hospital or home, or less concrete “environments” such as the context that cultural understandings and beliefs bring to an experience.

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14
Q

Define Deductive reasoning: “top-down

A
  • Theory about topic of interest (Theory)
  • Narrow down to more particular hypothesis that is tested (Hypothesis)
  • Collect data/observations with specific data (observation)
  • Original hypothesis confirmed (or not) ( confirmation
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15
Q

Describe Inductive reasoning: “bottom up”

A

Broader generalizations (ending point), develop conclusions/theory (theory)

Tentative hypothesis formulated & explored/studied ( Tentative Hypothesis)

Look for patterns (inductive reasoning is more exploratory) ( Pattern)

Specific observations & measures (starting point) ( Observation)

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16
Q

Define Nursing Research

A

Research: systematic, logical, and empirical inquiry into a phenomenon to produce verifiable knowledge
(qualitative & quantitative)

Purpose: to improve practice & health outcomes of patients

Expands the discipline’s unique body of scientific knowledge

Forms the foundation for evidence-based nursing practice

17
Q

Describe Evidence-based Practice

A

Evidenced-based nursing refers to “the incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences, and other available resources to make decisions about patients” (CNA, 1998, p. 1).

The conscious and judicious use of the current “best” evidence relating to client care and health care system delivery

18
Q

Research use/utilization requires:

A

Valuing research as one way of developing knowledge for nursing

Ability to find relevant research

Knowledge of sound research practices

Ability to critical evaluate research findings

Enables knowledge obtained from research to be transformed into clinical practice

Practice becomes evidence-based

19
Q

What is the different terminology used for Evidence Based Practice?

A

∗Evidence-based practice
∗Evidence informed decision making
∗Evidence-based medicine

20
Q

Key elements: look at the best available scientific evidence and combine that with 2 things:

A
  1. Patient preference

2. Practitioner expertise

21
Q

Evidence Based practice Research use/utilization requires nurses to:

A

Value research as one way of developing knowledge for nursing

Have the ability to find relevant research

Have knowledge of sound research practices

Have the ability to critical evaluate research findings

22
Q

What are the Roles of Nurses in Research?

A

∗ Consumer/ decision-maker
∗ Change champion
∗ Participant/subject
∗ Investigators/producers (research team member)
∗ Primary investigator or co-investigator

23
Q

Define Consumer Role

A 
All nurses should be intelligent consumers of research
∗ A consumer:
−Actively uses and applies research
−Understands the research process
−Critiques research accurately
24
Q

Define the team members role

A

Participate in some aspect of health- related research studies
− Example: collect data, engage in research protocol as part of a study

25
Q

Define Primary or Co-Investigator Role

A

∗Masters or doctoral prepared nurses may initiate and conduct research studies
∗Doctoral prepared nurses:
−Disseminate findings through publishing, theory building, presentations
−Act as role models to other nurses

26
Q

History of Nursing Research

A

∗Nineteenth century—groundwork was laid by Florence Nightingale, a pioneer in data collection and analysis, health promotion, prevention, asepsis
∗Twentieth century—strong focus on education

27
Q

What do you know about Nursing Research in Canada?

A

First graduate degree programs in nursing in Canada: Masters (1959) at UWO and doctoral programs (1991) at U of A and UBC
∗ 1st nursing research journal Canada Nursing Papers (1969) à Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
∗ 1st Centre for Nursing Research McGill, 1971
∗ 1964 first federal funded grant for nursing research
∗ Canadian Health Research Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research were established in the late 1990’s with federal funds

28
Q

Where will we see the Future Directions of Nursing Research

A
  • Community Research
  • International perspective
  • Program Research
  • Intervention studies
29
Q

What areas will we see Research Programs developing?

A
  • Health care disparities
  • Health promotion, risk reduction
  • Complex client care
  • Chronic illness
  • High aging population
  • Quality and accountability
  • Technology in health care

RESEARCH (5 decks)

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