Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Addiction FSWP4029K > W2: Conditioning and Brain Mechanisms > Flashcards

W2: Conditioning and Brain Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

rewards and punishments increase or decrease the likelihood of an individual repeating an action in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Positive reinforcement (O.C)

A

activation of reward pathways => increasing probability of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Negative reinforcement (O.C)

A

increases probability of behaviour my removing discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Punishment

A

decreases the probability as we avoid punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

People still engage in addictive behaviour although there is punishment because

A

of contiguity => time interval between behaviour and punishment is long, while reinforcement (high) is immediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • unconditioned response = reflex elicited by a stimulus
  • unconditioned stimulus
  • neutral stimulus = it doesn’t initially elicit a response
  • conditioned stimulus = a new stimulus that paired with UCS will elicit response
  • conditioned response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Extinction (C.C)

A

repeatedly presenting the CS alone until the CS stops to elicit a CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abstinent drug users may experience

A

conditioned drug responses to people, places -> prevent relapse by change of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Categories of conditioned responses

A
  1. Drug-opposite CRs
  2. Conditioned withdrawal
  3. Conditioned Tolerance
  4. Drug-like conditioned responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Drug Opposite CRs

A
  • repetitive use of the same drug can produce CRs that are opposite to the direct effects
  • can mimic withdrawal symptoms
  • can cause relapse in abstinent people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conditioned withdrawal

A

experience withdrawal symptoms through cues in their environment that remind of drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conditioned tolerance

A
  • reduction of drug effect with repeated administration
  • through conditioned responses
  • might cause overdose when in new environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Drug like conditioned responses

A

-suggestion that the body’s reaction to the drug rather than the drug’s effects is conditioned
= needle freaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Social learning theory

A

the environment can affect use but we also influence environment = reciprocal determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Key principles of social learning theory

A
  • modelling
  • past learning doesn’t completely determine what we do next
  • reinforcement and punishment are indirect factors of learning
  • expectation of reinforcement or punishment can be as powerful as actual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Self-efficacy

A
  • degree to which one feels competent to perform

- prob of someone quitting smoking depends on how much he depends he will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Self-efficacy types important for prevention

A

resistance

harm-reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

self-efficacy types important for treatment and relapse prevention

A

action
coping
recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dual System Theory

A
  • people have poor access to the functioning of their own cognitive processes
  • rather than reporting on which processes occurred, people tend to come up with guess explanations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cognitive decoupling

A

people think hypothetically about the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cognitive misers

A

we tend to avoid effortful thinking whenever possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Automatic cognitive processing system 1

A
  • outside of conscious awareness
  • cant be examined directly by individual
  • rapid
  • environmentally triggered
  • produces responses in absence of system 2
  • contextualizes info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Controlled Cognitive processing S2

A
  • investing attention
  • conscious monitoring
  • dependent on system 1 input
  • reciprocal effects on the contents of system 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tiffany’s Craving Model

A
  • dependence as form of automatic behaviour
  • development of drug-use representations in memory by mental schemas
  • efortless and habitual over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two components of craving (Tiff)

A

Automatic Craving

Controled Craving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Automated Craving

A

activation of drug-use representations in memory which lead to drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Controlled craving

A

intense feeling of wanting and needing something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Controlled craving only occurs when

A

an obstacle prevents the aims of the automatic process from being achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Attentional biases increase

A

the motivation to seek out and use substances because we pay attention to things that matter to us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Modified stroop tasks showed that

A

attentional biases are identified when participant takes longer to respond to the colour of alcohol words compared to neutral words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Franken’s model of drug craving

A

-hypervigilance for drug stimuli => increased dopaminergic activity in the reward pathway => driver of attentional bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Houben and Wiers found positive associations with

A

alcohol were related to alcohol consumption, but only among those who scored poorly on response inhibition tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Many drugs of dependence selectively impair

A

controlled processing in acute situations of use, while automatic processing seems almost unaffected => behaviour likely to be guided by previously learned patterns of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 failures in reasoning Toplak (gambling)

A
  • Overriding system 1
  • Incomplete system 1 outputs (failure to express emotional reactions)
  • Missing mental software (not enough or false knowledge)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Common routes of administration

A 
oral
injection
inhalation
application to skin
through mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Speed of effect also guides choice, since the fastest route is

A

injalation and injection

  • medium via mucous membranes
  • slowest is oral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The sooner the effect

A

the more reinforcing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A slower rise guarantees an effect for

A

a longer time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Degree to which the drug will be dissolved in membrane lipids (of cells)

A

determines success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The greater proportion of ionised molecules in the drug, the

A

slower the rate of movement of the drug across membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Diffusion of drug

A

the greater the difference in drug concentration on each side of the membrane, the more rapid the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Drug distribution

A

during the drugs journey to the brain, some of it might leave the blood stream and be metabolised, leaving less of the drug to reach the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Drug excretion

A

elimination of the drugs and its metabolites via expired air, bodily fluids, kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Metabolism occur at a greater rate when

A

concentration of drug in the body is higher and then gradually slows down when drug is eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Excerption

A

some drugs (alcohol) metabolise at constant rate and require a particular enzyme, which is limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Agonist

A
  • drugs that binds to the receptor and turns neutron on

- intensity of drug effect is associated with the number of receptors that are occupied by the agonist and activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Antagonist

A
  • binds to the receptors and prevents agonists from binding=>won’t switch it on
  • sometimes used to treat dependence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Monoamines

A

-NT associated with cognition, emotions and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Most important monoamines for understanding addictive behaviours are

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Dopamine

A
  • euphoria
  • motivation
  • arousal
  • reinforcement
  • reward through signaling cascades
51
Q

Serotonin

A
  • stabilizes mood
  • well being
  • happiness
52
Q

Noradrenaline

A

help body respond to stress and mobilises for action

53
Q

Types of Drug Tolerance

A

Neuroadaptation
Cross-tolerance
Metabolic tolerance
Cellular tolerance

54
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

homeostasis in the brain - steady effect

55
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug will lead to tolerance in other drugs of the same class

56
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A
  • pharmacokinetic

- speed at which the body metabolises the drug increases over time => toxicity

57
Q

Cellular tolerance

A
  • pharmacodynamics
  • consequence of changes in number of receptors and their functions + alterations to the responsiveness of post-synaptic neurons
58
Q

Withdrawal syndrome

A
  • opposite of the drug’s effects

- can cause seeking of negative reinforcement by taking the drug again

59
Q

Half life of a drug

A

the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half

60
Q

The shorter the half life

A

the more intense the withdrawal syndrome

61
Q

Psychological drug dependence is characterised by

A

compulsion and craving

62
Q

Physical drug dependence is characterised by

A

the experience of a physical withdrawal syndrome

63
Q

Traditional view on adolescence

A

as a period of development associated with progressively greater efficiency of cognitive capacities, which is dependent on the maturation of the PFC

64
Q

During adolescence, there is a bias by

A

functionally mature subcortical relative to less mature cortical circuitry -> imbalance in reliance of systems

65
Q

The mechanisms that explain changes in risk taking behaviour and impulsivity can be related to

A

frontostriatal circuitry and functional strengthening of connections

66
Q

Triadic model explains that

A

motivated behaviour has 3 neural circuits

-casey and jones

67
Q

The systems of the triadic model

A
  • Approach system: ventral striatum (rewarding cues)
  • Avoidance system: amygdala
  • Regulatory system: PFC
68
Q

Motivation can modulate cognitive control by

A

reward

and capacity to exert control (challenged upon appetitive cues)

69
Q

Sensitivity to rewards and incentives peaks during

A

adolescence (presence of peers is a risk)

70
Q

The circuit that undergoes most change during adolescence is

A

the fontrostriatal circuit

71
Q

During adolescence, the receptors that are at peak in density are

A

dopamine D1 and D2 in the striatum

72
Q

Changes in dopamine-rich circuitry relates to

A

sensitivity to reward

73
Q

The difference in development of striatal regions and the PFC is that

A

the stratal regions develop sooner while the PFC undergoes delayed maturation

74
Q

Positive association between ventral stratum activity to large reward and

A

the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviour

75
Q

In boys, the impulsivity rating is inversely correlated to

A

vmPFC volume

76
Q

Exaggerated ventral striatal plays role in

A

level of excitement because it is a representation of appetitive cues in the absence of a mature cognitive control response

77
Q

Substance reinforce the

A

mesolimbic dopamine transmission with acute activations of neurons in frontolimbic circuitry rich in dopamine, including the ventral striatum

78
Q

In alcohol dependent adolescents it is observed

A

smaller frontal and hippocampal volumes, altered white matter microstructure, poorer memory

79
Q

Hippocampal volume and age of first use

A

possitive association

80
Q

Hippocampal volume and duration

A

negative association

81
Q

The energy model of self regulation

A

self reg is a resource that can run out

82
Q

Gailliot measured blood glucose level before and after self-control activities and found

A
  • reduction in blood glucose after task

- reduced level of glucose => poorer performance

83
Q

Personality states

A

transient characteristics

84
Q

Personality traits

A

vary very little over time and situations

85
Q

Trait theories of personality

A

identify core traits to categorise individuals

86
Q

Tri-dimensional theory of addictive behaviour Cloninger

A

3 traits that predispose individuals towards dependence:
novelty seeking
harm avoidance
reward dependence

87
Q

Sensation/novelty seeking predicts

A

addictive behaviour especially in early stages

88
Q

Third variable cause

A

particular traits could seem to cause addictive behaviour, but in fact they do so only indirectly (to cope with smth)

89
Q

Rational choice theory

A

addictive behaviours are rational to the extent that they are directed towards maximising benefits for the individual

90
Q

Problem of the rational choice theory is that it

A

doesn’t distinguish between those who use and want to, and those who use but want to stop

91
Q

Rational choice theory conceptualised addictive behaviour at level of

A

groups not individuals, therefore increasing the costs of substances should reduce use

92
Q

Instrumental rationality

A

tend to make choices that lead them to achieving their goals in most efficient way

93
Q

Epistemically rationality

A

evaluate contents of their mind to ensure that what they know are consistent with the reality

94
Q

Incentive-sensitization theory

A

persistent use of drugs leads to alteration in the dopaminergic reward system

95
Q

Incentive salience

A

cue becomes associated with positive reward

96
Q

Most drugs excite this reward systems, leading to

A

disproportionate increase in incentive sensitisation of drug related cues => compulsion to use drugs

97
Q

Drug wanting

A

attribution of incentive salience to drug stimuli => stronger urge

98
Q

Drug liking

A

separate neural pathways in the brain and refers to the anticipating hedonic effects of the drug

99
Q

Incentive sensitisation theory lacks

A

evidence from human studies

100
Q

Problem of incentive sensitisation theory

A

craving not often associated with use or relapse

101
Q

Inhibitory dysregulation theory

A

addictive behaviour as a problem of compulsive behaviour

-impairment in ACC and OFC (inhibitory control)

102
Q

Incentive motivation (Franken)

A

cognitive and affective state triggered by stimuli associated with the perception of unconditioned stimuli

103
Q

Drug related stimuli can elicit

A

classically conditioned responses both physiological (dopamine) as subjective (craving)

104
Q

Psychological approaches

A
  • craving as a continuous measurable state that can also be present in non-addicted subjects
  • in the past= homeostatic dysregulation theory (drug needed to establish homeostasis after withdrawal)
  • incentive motivational framework (conditioned appetite)
  • attentional system as major role in emotional system (reward/punishment salience)
105
Q

To prepare for an action, we need

A

attention
motivation
emotion

106
Q

2 categories of attention

A
  1. non-specific general state of arousal

2. selective (processing of relevant stimuli and inhibition of less relevant)

107
Q

Selective attention can be

A
  • voluntary (actively searching, top-down)

- involuntary (novel stimuli)

108
Q

Limited capacity mechanism

A

the more attention focused on a secondary stimulus, the less cognitive capacity available for primary task

109
Q

In the emotional stroop task,

A

reaction times of colour naming are slower on words with an emotional content

110
Q

Attentional bias for drug cues

A

because positively valenced stimuli -> making drugs to have attention grabbing properties

111
Q

Processing of appetitive info has an effect on

A

cortical measures of attention such as ERP and EMG

112
Q

The present view explains that craving itself isn’t responsible for the disruption of a secondary task, but rather

A

the accompanied attentional bias for drug-related stimuli

113
Q

Preconscious processing

A

presentation of emotional info can influence behaviour unconsciously

114
Q

Neurobiological approaches

A
  • incentive sensitisation theory => drugs enhance the mesolimbic dopamine transmission => attribute incentive salience to the perception of events associated
  • dopamine antagonist as a way to help addicts (animal studies) => reduce appetitive approach motivation towards rewards
  • dopamine triggers attention towards conditioned incentives => dopamine antagonist modulate selective attention and craving
115
Q

When general selective attention is increased by dopamine antagonists, then

A

automatic processes are consequently decreased and attention for drug cues will be reduces

116
Q

ACC is involved in

A

selective attention

117
Q

Metabolism in superior cingulate is increased by

A

dopamine agonists and decreased by dopamine antagonists

118
Q

NA and ACC are a part of a corticostriatal circuit involved in

A

stimulus reward learning

119
Q

The dopamine system of the corticostriatal circuit consists of

A

ACC
amygdala
NA

120
Q

The dopamine corticostriatal circuit has a role in

A

integrating attentional functioning

signaling reward

121
Q

The integration model

A

attentional bias and craving are able to modulate each other

122
Q

Attentional bias contributes to addictive behaviour in 3 ways

A

1- automatic selection process = detect drug cues

2- attention related cognitive process = if cue detected, it is automatically processed and difficult to shift attention

3- limited capacity of attention = subsequent failure in processing competitive cues

123
Q

Integration model stresses the need to

A

incorporate the extinction of automatic responses in the extinction processes

Addiction FSWP4029K (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions