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W. History Ch. 9+10 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the time period in Europe when there was a lack of written records, schools, or centralized governments?

A

The Dark Ages

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2
Q

Who was the first Christian missionary to the Irish?

A

Patrick

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3
Q

Who founded Irish monasteries and sent missionaries to Scotland?

A

Columba

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4
Q

What is the “universal” church, in which the original meaning means that all true believers everywhere are united by faith in Christ?

A

The Catholic Church

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5
Q

What is the belief that Christ made Peter the leader of the church and gave him supreme authority, and that each successive pope inherits that same authority?

A

Petrine Theory

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6
Q

What is the belief that living apart from the world and denying oneself of worldly goods brings honor to God?

A

Monasticism

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7
Q

What is a regular church member called?

A

A laity

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8
Q

What is a religious act that grants grace based on the recipient’s right intentions called?

A

A sacrament

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9
Q

Who translated the Bible in to Latin?

A

Jerome

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10
Q

What is the place of torment for saved people to be purged of sins before entering heaven?

A

Purgatory

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11
Q

Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours?

A

Charles Martel

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12
Q

What territory in Italy did the Pope had direct political control over?

A

Papal States

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13
Q

Who was the “exception” to the Dark Ages who created an empire centered around France?

A

Charlemagne

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14
Q

Who were the northern invaders of Europe during the 800’s to 900’s?

A

The Vikings

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15
Q

What way of life in the Middle Ages had everything based on the ownership and use of land?

A

Feudalism

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16
Q

Who was a lesser noble who owed allegiance to a lord?

A

A vassal

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17
Q

Who was a peasant farmer who worked the land for the lord, couldn’t be removed from their home or the manor.

A

A serf

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18
Q

Who were the officials and skilled men who paid taxes, but could come and go from the manor freely?

A

The freemen

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19
Q

What was the knight code of conduct that emphasized loyalty, protection for the noblewomen, and respect for the church, along with fairness in fighting?

A

Chivalry

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20
Q

What is the legendary English example of chivalry?

A

The legends of King Arthur

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21
Q

How did knights keep fit when there weren’t wars?

A

Tournaments and Jousts

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22
Q

What weapon ended feudalism as a practical way of life?

A

gunpowder

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23
Q

What is the buying and selling of church offices called?

A

Simony

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24
Q

What is it called when a secular ruler gives a church official religious authority?

A

Lay Investiture

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25
What body of church leaders was created to choose each new Pope?
The College of Cardinals
26
Who was the strongest Pope in history, who said the Pope's authority was like the sun and kings were like moons, deriving their power from the Pope?
Pope Innocent III
27
What is it called when the Pope cuts someone off from the sacraments and church?
Excommunication
28
What is it called when the Pope suspends public church services/sacraments in a region?
Interdict
29
What church court was designed to stamp out heresy, but lacked due process and used fear and torture?
Inquisition
30
Who started a new religious order to serve the poor and sick?
Francis of Assissi
31
Who founded the Holy Roman Empire as a combination of German and Italian states?
Otto I
32
Who united England to fight the Vikings with the first Navy?
Alfred the Great
33
Who was the victor of the Battle of Hastings and the last foreigner to successfully invade England?
William the Conqueror
34
Who established judicial reform including due process, jury trials, and common law in England?
Henry II
35
Who was the English king famous for being in the King's Crusade?
Richard the Lionhearted
36
Who signed the Magna Carta?
John
37
Who began the first parliament in England?
Edward I
38
Which French king went on the King's Crusade, but returned home to defeat English King John over French territory owned by the English?
Philip II
39
Who established the Estates-General in France?
Philip IV
40
Who began the First Crusade in 1095?
Pope Urban II
41
What were the Dark Ages like?
No schools, no universities, no written records, and no government.
42
What is a sacrament?
A religious act that grants grace based on the recipient's right intentions.
43
What are the seven sacraments?
1. Baptism=washes away original sin. 2. Confirmation=grants church membership and the Holy Spirit. 3. Penance=the forgiveness of sins through steps of contrition, confession, making amends, and absolution. 4. Holy Eucharist=the bread and wine literally transform into the blood and body of Christ. 5. Holy Matrimony=marriage within the church is permanent. 6. Holy Orders= ordination in to the ministry gives you the power to forgive sins and consecrate the mass. 7. Last Rites=removes unconfessed sins of the dying.
44
How was Charlemagne the exception to the Dark Ages?
He is the son of Pepin the Short and Bertha Big Foot.
45
46
What are Charlemagne's contributions?
Built an empire centered around France, helped the Roman church to gain power, and improved education.
47
What is feudalism?
The way of life where everything was based on the ownership and use of land.
48
Describe the feudal system relationships.
Lords own land. Vassals owe allegiance to lord. Knights protect for a home. Serfs give food to lord.
49
What's a manor?
A self-contained farming community.
50
What's the life of the nobility like?
Centered around the castle.
51
What's the life of the knights like?
Following the Code of Chivalry, tournaments and Jousts.
52
What's the life of the serfs like?
Provided food.
53
How did the church grow in its political power?
The College of Cardinals was created so secular rulers can't influence the choosing of the Pope. Excommunicaton, interdict, and inquisition were also introduced.
54
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
A union of Germany, and Italy.
55
What's the difference between a limited monarchy and an absolute monarchy?
A limited monarchy is ruled by a monarchy whose power is limited by a constitution of Parliament. An absolute monarchy is ruled by a monarch that has complete power.
56
Which is a limited monarchy: England or France?
England
57
Which is an absolute monarchy: England or France?
France
58
What was the call of The Crusades?
The Byzantines needed help against the Muslims, and the Turks stopped pilgrims from entering the Holy Land.
59
What were the motives of The Crusades?
rescuing the Holy Lands, adventure, fame, money, business, and a substitute for penance.
60
What were the consequences of The Crusades?
weakened feudalism, expanded business activity, opened new horizons, weakened the church leadership.
61
How did The Crusade change Europe?
weakened feudalism and introduced towns, expanded business and trade, and revived learning
62
What was the outcome of the First Crusade?
the only successfully one
63
What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?
a 3-year truce between England and France
64
What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?
a plague
65
Who developed a trading monopoly during the later Middle Ages?
Moneychangers
66
Why were banks created?
to decide the value of money, exchange money, and store money
67
What did the church teach about business and money?
a person should ask for only a just price.
68
What did the church practice?
dignity of labor, stewardship, and generosity
69
What did guilds do?
regulate the business activity of a town
70
What were the 3 stages of becoming a craftsman?
Apprentice, journeyman, master
71
How did the growth of the middle class affect society?
weakened the nobility's social position and challenged it's political position.
72
Why did learning revive in Medieval Europe?
more demand for education, better conditions, and contact with other civilizations
73
What became the center of learning?
Universities
74
What was the purpose of art during the Middle Ages?
religious, teachings illiterate churchgoers
75
What is a nation?
a group of people with common traditions, language, and religion who consider themselves a unit.
76
What caused the Hundred Years War?
A French king died without no heir.
77
Who fought in the Hundred Years War?
England and France
78
Who won the Hundred Years War?
France
79
Why did the church decline in power?
Pope Boniface VII defied by Philip IV.
80
What was the Great Schism?
England, Germany, and Italy resented the French Pope. The French Pope v. The Roman Pope=they excommunicated the other.
81
What is barter?
Exchanging goods for goods became impractical so lords and towns began printing their own money.
82
What is a just price?
A price based on the cost of materials, fair return for labor, and a reasonable profit.
83
What is usury?
charging interest for loans
84
What's a charter?
a document granted by a feudal lord that outlined the rights and freedoms of the townspeople.
85
What is the middle class called in England?
burgesses
86
What is the middle class called in France?
bourgeois
87
What is the middle class called in Germany?
burgers
88
What's scholasticism?
organizing Scriptural Truth into systematic doctrines
89
What's vernacular?
The common spoken language.
90
What are epic poems?
Long narrative poems celebrating the adventures of legendary heroes.
91
What's the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?
Romanesque=thick walls, rounded arches, heavy columns, small doors cross shape. Gothic=spacious, lofty, large windows and doors, stained glass windows.
92
Who was St. Anselm?
Argued that God exists in the mind and in reality.
93
Who was Thomas Aquinas?
taught that understanding truth requires reason and faith.
94
Who was Roger Bacon?
the exception to medieval science
95
Who was Dante?
The author of The Divine Comedy
96
Who was Chaucer?
The author of The Canterbury Tales
97
Who was Joan of Arc?
revived France in the Hundred Years War
98
500
start of The Dark Ages
99
800
Charlemagne
100
900
Viking Invasion
101
1000
Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor
102
1066
Battle of Hastings
103
1095
Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade
104
1215
Signing of the Magna Carta
105
1300
Renaisaance
106
1337-1453
Hundred Years War
107
1492
Ferdinand and Isabella kick out Muslims
108
1500
Transformation to the Modern Era

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