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Flashcards > W. History Ch. 9+10 > Flashcards

W. History Ch. 9+10 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the time period in Europe when there was a lack of written records, schools, or centralized governments?

A

The Dark Ages

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2
Q

Who was the first Christian missionary to the Irish?

A

Patrick

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3
Q

Who founded Irish monasteries and sent missionaries to Scotland?

A

Columba

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4
Q

What is the “universal” church, in which the original meaning means that all true believers everywhere are united by faith in Christ?

A

The Catholic Church

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5
Q

What is the belief that Christ made Peter the leader of the church and gave him supreme authority, and that each successive pope inherits that same authority?

A

Petrine Theory

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6
Q

What is the belief that living apart from the world and denying oneself of worldly goods brings honor to God?

A

Monasticism

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7
Q

What is a regular church member called?

A

A laity

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8
Q

What is a religious act that grants grace based on the recipient’s right intentions called?

A

A sacrament

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9
Q

Who translated the Bible in to Latin?

A

Jerome

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10
Q

What is the place of torment for saved people to be purged of sins before entering heaven?

A

Purgatory

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11
Q

Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours?

A

Charles Martel

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12
Q

What territory in Italy did the Pope had direct political control over?

A

Papal States

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13
Q

Who was the “exception” to the Dark Ages who created an empire centered around France?

A

Charlemagne

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14
Q

Who were the northern invaders of Europe during the 800’s to 900’s?

A

The Vikings

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15
Q

What way of life in the Middle Ages had everything based on the ownership and use of land?

A

Feudalism

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16
Q

Who was a lesser noble who owed allegiance to a lord?

A

A vassal

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17
Q

Who was a peasant farmer who worked the land for the lord, couldn’t be removed from their home or the manor.

A

A serf

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18
Q

Who were the officials and skilled men who paid taxes, but could come and go from the manor freely?

A

The freemen

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19
Q

What was the knight code of conduct that emphasized loyalty, protection for the noblewomen, and respect for the church, along with fairness in fighting?

A

Chivalry

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20
Q

What is the legendary English example of chivalry?

A

The legends of King Arthur

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21
Q

How did knights keep fit when there weren’t wars?

A

Tournaments and Jousts

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22
Q

What weapon ended feudalism as a practical way of life?

A

gunpowder

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23
Q

What is the buying and selling of church offices called?

A

Simony

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24
Q

What is it called when a secular ruler gives a church official religious authority?

A

Lay Investiture

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25
Q

What body of church leaders was created to choose each new Pope?

A

The College of Cardinals

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26
Q

Who was the strongest Pope in history, who said the Pope’s authority was like the sun and kings were like moons, deriving their power from the Pope?

A

Pope Innocent III

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27
Q

What is it called when the Pope cuts someone off from the sacraments and church?

A

Excommunication

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28
Q

What is it called when the Pope suspends public church services/sacraments in a region?

A

Interdict

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29
Q

What church court was designed to stamp out heresy, but lacked due process and used fear and torture?

A

Inquisition

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30
Q

Who started a new religious order to serve the poor and sick?

A

Francis of Assissi

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31
Q

Who founded the Holy Roman Empire as a combination of German and Italian states?

A

Otto I

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32
Q

Who united England to fight the Vikings with the first Navy?

A

Alfred the Great

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33
Q

Who was the victor of the Battle of Hastings and the last foreigner to successfully invade England?

A

William the Conqueror

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34
Q

Who established judicial reform including due process, jury trials, and common law in England?

A

Henry II

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35
Q

Who was the English king famous for being in the King’s Crusade?

A

Richard the Lionhearted

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36
Q

Who signed the Magna Carta?

A

John

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37
Q

Who began the first parliament in England?

A

Edward I

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38
Q

Which French king went on the King’s Crusade, but returned home to defeat English King John over French territory owned by the English?

A

Philip II

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39
Q

Who established the Estates-General in France?

A

Philip IV

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40
Q

Who began the First Crusade in 1095?

A

Pope Urban II

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41
Q

What were the Dark Ages like?

A

No schools, no universities, no written records, and no government.

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42
Q

What is a sacrament?

A

A religious act that grants grace based on the recipient’s right intentions.

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43
Q

What are the seven sacraments?

A
  1. Baptism=washes away original sin.
  2. Confirmation=grants church membership and the Holy Spirit.
  3. Penance=the forgiveness of sins through steps of contrition, confession, making amends, and absolution.
  4. Holy Eucharist=the bread and wine literally transform into the blood and body of Christ.
  5. Holy Matrimony=marriage within the church is permanent.
  6. Holy Orders= ordination in to the ministry gives you the power to forgive sins and consecrate the mass.
  7. Last Rites=removes unconfessed sins of the dying.
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44
Q

How was Charlemagne the exception to the Dark Ages?

A

He is the son of Pepin the Short and Bertha Big Foot.

45
Q
A
46
Q

What are Charlemagne’s contributions?

A

Built an empire centered around France, helped the Roman church to gain power, and improved education.

47
Q

What is feudalism?

A

The way of life where everything was based on the ownership and use of land.

48
Q

Describe the feudal system relationships.

A

Lords own land. Vassals owe allegiance to lord. Knights protect for a home. Serfs give food to lord.

49
Q

What’s a manor?

A

A self-contained farming community.

50
Q

What’s the life of the nobility like?

A

Centered around the castle.

51
Q

What’s the life of the knights like?

A

Following the Code of Chivalry, tournaments and Jousts.

52
Q

What’s the life of the serfs like?

A

Provided food.

53
Q

How did the church grow in its political power?

A

The College of Cardinals was created so secular rulers can’t influence the choosing of the Pope. Excommunicaton, interdict, and inquisition were also introduced.

54
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A

A union of Germany, and Italy.

55
Q

What’s the difference between a limited monarchy and an absolute monarchy?

A

A limited monarchy is ruled by a monarchy whose power is limited by a constitution of Parliament. An absolute monarchy is ruled by a monarch that has complete power.

56
Q

Which is a limited monarchy: England or France?

A

England

57
Q

Which is an absolute monarchy: England or France?

A

France

58
Q

What was the call of The Crusades?

A

The Byzantines needed help against the Muslims, and the Turks stopped pilgrims from entering the Holy Land.

59
Q

What were the motives of The Crusades?

A

rescuing the Holy Lands, adventure, fame, money, business, and a substitute for penance.

60
Q

What were the consequences of The Crusades?

A

weakened feudalism, expanded business activity, opened new horizons, weakened the church leadership.

61
Q

How did The Crusade change Europe?

A

weakened feudalism and introduced towns, expanded business and trade, and revived learning

62
Q

What was the outcome of the First Crusade?

A

the only successfully one

63
Q

What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

A

a 3-year truce between England and France

64
Q

What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?

A

a plague

65
Q

Who developed a trading monopoly during the later Middle Ages?

A

Moneychangers

66
Q

Why were banks created?

A

to decide the value of money, exchange money, and store money

67
Q

What did the church teach about business and money?

A

a person should ask for only a just price.

68
Q

What did the church practice?

A

dignity of labor, stewardship, and generosity

69
Q

What did guilds do?

A

regulate the business activity of a town

70
Q

What were the 3 stages of becoming a craftsman?

A

Apprentice, journeyman, master

71
Q

How did the growth of the middle class affect society?

A

weakened the nobility’s social position and challenged it’s political position.

72
Q

Why did learning revive in Medieval Europe?

A

more demand for education, better conditions, and contact with other civilizations

73
Q

What became the center of learning?

A

Universities

74
Q

What was the purpose of art during the Middle Ages?

A

religious, teachings illiterate churchgoers

75
Q

What is a nation?

A

a group of people with common traditions, language, and religion who consider themselves a unit.

76
Q

What caused the Hundred Years War?

A

A French king died without no heir.

77
Q

Who fought in the Hundred Years War?

A

England and France

78
Q

Who won the Hundred Years War?

A

France

79
Q

Why did the church decline in power?

A

Pope Boniface VII defied by Philip IV.

80
Q

What was the Great Schism?

A

England, Germany, and Italy resented the French Pope. The French Pope v. The Roman Pope=they excommunicated the other.

81
Q

What is barter?

A

Exchanging goods for goods became impractical so lords and towns began printing their own money.

82
Q

What is a just price?

A

A price based on the cost of materials, fair return for labor, and a reasonable profit.

83
Q

What is usury?

A

charging interest for loans

84
Q

What’s a charter?

A

a document granted by a feudal lord that outlined the rights and freedoms of the townspeople.

85
Q

What is the middle class called in England?

A

burgesses

86
Q

What is the middle class called in France?

A

bourgeois

87
Q

What is the middle class called in Germany?

A

burgers

88
Q

What’s scholasticism?

A

organizing Scriptural Truth into systematic doctrines

89
Q

What’s vernacular?

A

The common spoken language.

90
Q

What are epic poems?

A

Long narrative poems celebrating the adventures of legendary heroes.

91
Q

What’s the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?

A

Romanesque=thick walls, rounded arches, heavy columns, small doors cross shape.
Gothic=spacious, lofty, large windows and doors, stained glass windows.

92
Q

Who was St. Anselm?

A

Argued that God exists in the mind and in reality.

93
Q

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

A

taught that understanding truth requires reason and faith.

94
Q

Who was Roger Bacon?

A

the exception to medieval science

95
Q

Who was Dante?

A

The author of The Divine Comedy

96
Q

Who was Chaucer?

A

The author of The Canterbury Tales

97
Q

Who was Joan of Arc?

A

revived France in the Hundred Years War

98
Q

500

A

start of The Dark Ages

99
Q

800

A

Charlemagne

100
Q

900

A

Viking Invasion

101
Q

1000

A

Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor

102
Q

1066

A

Battle of Hastings

103
Q

1095

A

Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade

104
Q

1215

A

Signing of the Magna Carta

105
Q

1300

A

Renaisaance

106
Q

1337-1453

A

Hundred Years War

107
Q

1492

A

Ferdinand and Isabella kick out Muslims

108
Q

1500

A

Transformation to the Modern Era

Flashcards (5 decks)

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