vulval conditions

Question 1

female genital mutilation risks short term

Answer 1

haemorrhage
urinary retention
genital swelling
infection and sepsis

Question 2

female genital mutilation risks long term

Answer 2

urinary tract infections – obstruction

urinary stricture or fistulae
dyspareunia, apareunia and impaired sexual function

PTSD

haematocolpos
HIV and hepatitis B infection

Question 3

long term obstetric complications

Answer 3

obstructed labour
postpartum haemorrhage
perineal trauma & sphincter injury
increased risk of caesarean section (and increased need for neonatal resuscitation and risk of stillbirth and early neonatal death)

Question 4

de-infibulation

Answer 4

opening up