VTPB 221 Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
1How many Types of influenza are there
A
4
2
Q
what types of influenza affect humans
A
A&B
3
Q
what type of influenza primarily affects cattle
A
D
4
Q
Influenza is what kind of virus (DNA or RNA)
A
RNA
5
Q
what are the two important surface glycoproteins in influenza
A
Haemagglutinin (HA) & Neuraminidase (NA)
6
Q
what does Haemagglutinin do to silica acid
A
it binds to it
7
Q
what does neuraminidase do to silica acid
A
it cuts it to release virus particles
8
Q
how do you name a virus (list order)
A
Virus type, place isolated, strain number, year isolated, virus subtype
9
Q
what is the reservoir for type A influenza
A
water birds
10
Q
what combinations of HA are possible
A
1-18
11
Q
what combinations of NA are possible
A
1-11
12
Q
What virus subtype was the 1918 flu pandemic
A
H1N1
13
Q
what subtypes exist only in wild birds
A
H1N16 and N1N9
14
Q
what subtypes of influenza exist only in bats
A
H17N19 and N10-N11
15
Q
What are the clinical signs of uncomplicated influenza
A
fever, chills, malaise, sore throat, rhinitis.
16
Q
what are the clinical signs of complicated influenza
A
otitis media, croup, bronchiolitis, tracheitis,
17
Q
when is influenza the most contagious
A
first 3-4 days
18
Q
True or False: US lost more soldiers to influenza than to combat in WW1
A
true
19
Q
T/F 1918 flu lowered life expectancy by 12 years and killed 1/3 of population
A
T
20
Q
how many waves were in the 1918 flu pandemic and which was the deadliest
A
3 waves 2nd was the deadliest
21
Q
why was the flu pandemic of 1918 called the Spanish flu
A
Spain was the only one reporting because of wars in other countries
22
Q
what is the name of the causative agent of influenza
A
Haemophilus influenzae
23
Q
where were the first reports of influenza?
A
Fort Riley Kansas
24
Q
where was the virus of influenza isolated from in 1930
A
pigs
25
name of 1957 flu
asian flu
26
name of 1968 flu
hong kong flu
27
name of 2009 flu
swine flu
28
can avian influenza be transmitted from human-human contact
no it can only transmit with close contact to infected birds
29
what subtypes are Avian Influenza
H5N1 and H7N9
30
what months does WHO predict the strains of influenza circulating that season
feb/march
31
where are vaccine viruses grown for influenza vaccines
chicken eggs, mammalian cells, and insect cells
32
what are the two antiviral drugs for influenza
Neuraminidase inhibitors or inhibitors of the virus polymerase complex
33
Tamiflu, relenza, ad rapivab are what kind of antivirals
neuraminidase inhibitors
34
Xofluza is a type of ....
polymerase complex inhibitor
35
what are the full names of HIV and AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus and acquired deficiency syndrome
36
a dermatologist reports to the CDC a cluster of rare cases of an aggressive cancer called Kaposi’s Sarcoma, among gay men in New York and California.
June 5, 1981
37
CDC publishes an article in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) that 5 young men, all homosexuals, were treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California: two of which died
June 5, 1981
38
what was the old name of HIV AIDS
gay related immunodeficiency disease (GRID)
39
what was the 4H disease
homosexuals, Haitans, Heroin users, and Hemophiliacs
40
when did the CDC change the name to AIDS
September 1982
41
How is HIV AIDS transmitted
bodily fluids, blood, semen, milk
42
When did the CDC license the first commercial blood test (ELISA) to detect HIV
April 1985
43
13 yr old hemophilic from Kokomo, Indiana that contracted HIV/AIDS from a blood transfusion in 1985 was banned from middle school and there was a legal battle to return to school. He died in 1990 and the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act signed into law on August 18, 1990.
Ryan White
44
who isolated a retrovirus from an AIDS patient in 1983
Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
45
who found a retro virus in Washington DC in 1984
Robert Gallo
46
RNA viruses that convert RNA into DNA after infecting the host cells are called
retroviruses
47
what is the major surface antigen in HIV
glycoprotein 120
48
what cells do HIV target
CD4 or T helper cells which are key for immunity
49
Tuberculosis is a ...
bacteria
50
pneumocystis and candida are a type of
fungus
51
herpes that causes Kaposis Sarcoma is a type of
virus
52
is HIV a syndrome or a disease
syndrome
53
what is the incubation period for HIV AIDS
1-2 weeks
54
What is HAART
highly active antiretroviral Therapy which is a lifelong treatment for AIDS
55
who had a mutation in his CD4 cells that causes immunity to HIV
Stephen Crohn
56
when was smallpox eradicated
1980
57
when was the last case of smallpox in the US
1949
58
the last natural case was where and when
Somalia 1977
59
how many deaths did smallpox cause in 20th century
300 million
60
is smallpox zoonotic
no
61
smallpox is a type of DNA or RNA virus
DNA
62
what shape is the small pox virus
brick shaped
63
what is the incubation period for smallpox
7-17 days
64
what are the stages of rashes of smallpox
papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs
65
what is the reservoir for SARS
horseshoe bats
66
where and when were coronaviruses discovered
in poultry in 19302
67
how many coronaviruses cause disease in humans
7
68
where and when was the first outbreak of SARS
Guangdong China in 2002-2003
69
what was the first emerging infectious disease with global impact
SARS
70
what are the first cases of SARS in Guangdong China related to
farmed wildlife and exotic cuisine (Palm Civet Cats)
71
what was the intermediate host of SARS
Palm Civet Cats
72
What is the incubation period of SARS
2-7 dayshat
73
was the fatality rate of SARS in the 2002-2003 outbreak
10%
74
Program for monitoring emerging diseases sponsored by ISID launched in 1994
ProMed
75
where was the first SARS super spreader event
METROPOLE HOTEL IN HONG KONG
76
what is the full name for MERS
middle eastern respiratory syndrome
77
Where and When was MERS first reported
Saudi Arabia 2012
78
where were the most infected people with MERS located
Arabian peninsula
79
where was the largest outbreak outside of the peninsula
Republic of Korea in 2015
80
what is the intermediate host for MERS
dromedary camels
81
what is the incubation period for MERS
2-14 days
82
what is the facility rate of MERS
34%
83
what virus was isolated rom pigs in 1930s
Influenza
84
Where was HIV AIDS first reported
Los Angeles California
85
when was the CARE act signed into law
1990
86
what causes retro viruses to have enormous variation
reverse transcription that creates so many mistakes
87
microorganism that don't usually infect and cause disease unless the host is immunosuppressed
opportunistic pathogens
88
when were simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) discovered
1985
89
HIV-1 evolved from which animal that had SIV
chimpanzee
90
how did HIV get to the Congo
infected individual came back from Africa in 1960s
91
how did HIV get to the US
blood trade and prostitution
92
where were 70% of death caused by HIV
sub Saharan Africa
93
when was the last case of smallpox in the US
1949
94
when and where was the last natural case of smallpox
in Somalia in 1977
95
what year was smallpox eradicated
1980
96
what kind of virus are pox viruses (RNA or DNA)
DNA
97
are there any vectors or animal reservoirs for smallpox
no
98
what is the fatality of various major
30%
99
what is the fatality rate of various minor
less than 1%
100
how many people can a person with small pox infect
10
101
does smallpox develop slower than chicken pox
yes
102
the global spread of smallpox correlates with growth of civilizations
yes
103
Pox lesions went deeper into skin
Bleeding occurred into the lesions and the skin peeled off
Massive loss of fluid and blood led to death
Mortality rate was over 50%
What population is this found in ?
Native Americans with smallpox
104
what disease spread to Peru and killed the chief Inca which collapsed their empire
smallpox
105
which disease was considered a biological war in French and Indian Wars
smallpox
106
who was responsible for turning public opinion in favor of variolation. She survived smallpox and inoculated her children in 1722.
Lady Mary Montague
107
did Washington use variolation to protect his army from smallpox
yes
108
who developed the vaccine for smallpox
Edward Jenner
109
what was the first state to require smallpox vaccination for school
Massachusetts in 1855
110
when did WHO smallpox eradication campaign start
1958
111
who led the WHO smallpox eradication campaign
Donald Henderson
112
how was the small pox vaccine administered
bifurcated needle and 15 strokes on the skin, swollen lymph nodes are common
113
what was the first infectious disease to be eradicated
smallpox
114
who and when was the last death of smallpox
Janet Parker in 1978 in an accidental lab case
115
where are the remaining smallpox stocks
Atlanta Georgia USA
116
what vaccine is approved for smallpox and mpox
JYNNEOS a non replicating modified vaccinia
117
what animal is canary pox virus vectored rabies vaccine used for
cats
118
ORV is used for ..
rabies control in wild animals
119
influenza virus vaccines are produced in ...
chicken eggs, insect cells
120
Influenza A is further subdivided into subtypes based on what gene criteria
neuraminidase and hemagglutinin
121
HIV-1, the primary causative agent of AIDS, originated from simian viruses from which animal species
chimpanzee and gorilla
122
Antiviral drugs to treat influenza infections target the following viral proteins:
virus polymerase complex and neuraminidase
123
Vaccines were used effectively to control the 1918 flu pandemic. (T/F)
false there were no vaccines at the time
124
AIDS is caused by HIV
true
125
The emergence of new strains of influenza viruses by the exchange of genome segments (genes) when two different viruses infect the same cell is called
antigenic shift
126
The emergence of new strains of influenza viruses by introducing point mutations (mistakes) during virus replication is called
antigenic drift
127
Developing a vaccine for HIV/AIDS has been challenging because of:
high mutation rate of HIV
128
Food Security is based on having
a reliable and nutritious food supply
129
How many people died during the Irish potato famine
2.5 million
130
which disease was a considered a potential bioweapon
rinderpest
131
Rinderpest was officially declared eradicated in the World in which year
2011
132
The Potato Blight is caused by a:
fungus
133
Which of the following are the most important staples for a human diet
rice and wheat
134
name 8 reasons for human migration
starvation, drought, disease, economic opportunity, poverty, war, religion, ethnic cleansing
135
wheat, rye, rice, barley, corn, sorghum and millet are examples of
grains
136
potatoes, yams, and cassava are examples of
tubers
137
beans, lentils and peas are examples of
legumes
138
how many crops provide 90% of the world food
15 crops
139
by 2050 there will be how many people in the world
9.6 billion
140
where were potatoes domesticated
in Peru by the Inca and in Bolivia
141
what family are potatoes in
Solanaceae
142
what is Solanum tuberosum
potato
143
when did Europe start to cultivate potatoes for human food
1700s
144
Until the 1800s Irish were not allowed to own land, vote or even attend school. (T/F)
true
145
when was the Irish potato famine
1845-1849
146
what did farmers first use to get rid of potato blight
copper sulfate
147
how are potatoes propagates
cloning, no seeds
148
where did people from Ireland go to to escape famine
Gross Islands in Canada and Ellis Island in US, Galveston
149
what percent of Americans have Irish ancestry
11%
150
how many presidents have Irish ancestry
22
151
Is the Texas zebra chip vector borne
yes the vector is potato psyllid
152
texas ranks ____ in potato production in the US
13th
153
how many people die of hunger and malnutrition every day
25K
154
how many children die each year
3.1 million, population of Austin and Dallas combined
155
what places have extreme malnutrition
South Sudan, Ehtiopia, Kenya, Niger
156
what percent of people are 2 days of walking distance from a road
95%
157
does rinderpest affect humans directly
no but causes famine
158
what is the incubation period of rinderpest
3-15 days
158
where was the first veterinary school
lyon, France in 1762
159
where was the first international veterinary congress
Hamburg 186
160
when was he rinderpest pandemic in Africa
1885
161
who or what was susceptible to rinderpest
all ruminants
162
why did US and Canada work on a vaccine for rinderpest
they thought it could be a bioweapon in WW2
163
who wrote the first paper on the pathology of rinderpest and graduated from out school
Dr. Fred Maurer
164
who developed a modified live virus vaccine for rinderpest
Dr. Walter Plowright 1951
165
where was the central veterinary lab built
Bamako Mali in 1978
166
when was rinderpest eradicated
2011
167
Disease that respects no national boundaries are calle
transboundary
168
what % of all know infectious diseases are zoonotic
60%
169
what % of emerging diseases are zoonotic
75%
170
reservoir for monkey pox
grass cutters, cane rats
171
where was the first case of monkey pox in the US
dallas 2003 because of prairie dogs as pets
172
what 4 families of viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever
Arena viruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses
173
lassa fever is a type of
arenavirus
174
ebola and Marburg are what type of virus
filovirus
175
dengue fever, yellow fever, west nile and zika are what type of virus
flavivirus
176
what do the 4 viruses that cause viral hemmoragic fever have in common
they are all RNA viruses protected with a lipid coat, need reservoirs, and are geographically restricted
177
the rashes with ebola are due to
internal bleeding
178
what is the mortality rate of ebola
50-100%
179
what animals does ebola affect in Africa
mountain gorillas
180
where was the most recent outbreak of ebola
Uganda
181
where and when was ebola first reported
in 1976 South Sudan
182
what is the reservoir for ebola
fruit bats and pigs
183
where was Marburg first seen
Marbug Germany in 1967
184
when did FDA approve the Merck Ebola vaccine
2019
185
what was the most deadly ebola virus
Zaire ebola
186
how long can ebola stay in semen
9 months
187
how many arena viruses are known to cause human disease
8
188
arena viruses are associated with what species
rodents
189
what is the reservoir for Lassa fever
Mastomys rat
190
where was Lassa fever first described
Nigeria in 1960s
191
is lassa fever vector borne
no it is spread by contact with infected urine and feces of rodents
192
