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Great Diseases of the World > VTPB 221 Exam 3 > Flashcards

VTPB 221 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

1How many Types of influenza are there

A

4

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2
Q

what types of influenza affect humans

A

A&B

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3
Q

what type of influenza primarily affects cattle

A

D

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4
Q

Influenza is what kind of virus (DNA or RNA)

A

RNA

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5
Q

what are the two important surface glycoproteins in influenza

A

Haemagglutinin (HA) & Neuraminidase (NA)

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6
Q

what does Haemagglutinin do to silica acid

A

it binds to it

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7
Q

what does neuraminidase do to silica acid

A

it cuts it to release virus particles

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8
Q

how do you name a virus (list order)

A

Virus type, place isolated, strain number, year isolated, virus subtype

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9
Q

what is the reservoir for type A influenza

A

water birds

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10
Q

what combinations of HA are possible

A

1-18

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11
Q

what combinations of NA are possible

A

1-11

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12
Q

What virus subtype was the 1918 flu pandemic

A

H1N1

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13
Q

what subtypes exist only in wild birds

A

H1N16 and N1N9

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14
Q

what subtypes of influenza exist only in bats

A

H17N19 and N10-N11

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of uncomplicated influenza

A

fever, chills, malaise, sore throat, rhinitis.

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of complicated influenza

A

otitis media, croup, bronchiolitis, tracheitis,

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17
Q

when is influenza the most contagious

A

first 3-4 days

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18
Q

True or False: US lost more soldiers to influenza than to combat in WW1

A

true

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19
Q

T/F 1918 flu lowered life expectancy by 12 years and killed 1/3 of population

A

T

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20
Q

how many waves were in the 1918 flu pandemic and which was the deadliest

A

3 waves 2nd was the deadliest

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21
Q

why was the flu pandemic of 1918 called the Spanish flu

A

Spain was the only one reporting because of wars in other countries

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22
Q

what is the name of the causative agent of influenza

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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23
Q

where were the first reports of influenza?

A

Fort Riley Kansas

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24
Q

where was the virus of influenza isolated from in 1930

A

pigs

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25
Q

name of 1957 flu

A

asian flu

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26
Q

name of 1968 flu

A

hong kong flu

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27
Q

name of 2009 flu

A

swine flu

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28
Q

can avian influenza be transmitted from human-human contact

A

no it can only transmit with close contact to infected birds

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29
Q

what subtypes are Avian Influenza

A

H5N1 and H7N9

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30
Q

what months does WHO predict the strains of influenza circulating that season

A

feb/march

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31
Q

where are vaccine viruses grown for influenza vaccines

A

chicken eggs, mammalian cells, and insect cells

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32
Q

what are the two antiviral drugs for influenza

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors or inhibitors of the virus polymerase complex

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33
Q

Tamiflu, relenza, ad rapivab are what kind of antivirals

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

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34
Q

Xofluza is a type of ….

A

polymerase complex inhibitor

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35
Q

what are the full names of HIV and AIDS

A

human immunodeficiency virus and acquired deficiency syndrome

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36
Q

a dermatologist reports to the CDC a cluster of rare cases of an aggressive cancer called Kaposi’s Sarcoma, among gay men in New York and California.

A

June 5, 1981

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37
Q

CDC publishes an article in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) that 5 young men, all homosexuals, were treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California: two of which died

A

June 5, 1981

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38
Q

what was the old name of HIV AIDS

A

gay related immunodeficiency disease (GRID)

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39
Q

what was the 4H disease

A

homosexuals, Haitans, Heroin users, and Hemophiliacs

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40
Q

when did the CDC change the name to AIDS

A

September 1982

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41
Q

How is HIV AIDS transmitted

A

bodily fluids, blood, semen, milk

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42
Q

When did the CDC license the first commercial blood test (ELISA) to detect HIV

A

April 1985

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43
Q

13 yr old hemophilic from Kokomo, Indiana that contracted HIV/AIDS from a blood transfusion in 1985 was banned from middle school and there was a legal battle to return to school. He died in 1990 and the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act signed into law on August 18, 1990.

A

Ryan White

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44
Q

who isolated a retrovirus from an AIDS patient in 1983

A

Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

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45
Q

who found a retro virus in Washington DC in 1984

A

Robert Gallo

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46
Q

RNA viruses that convert RNA into DNA after infecting the host cells are called

A

retroviruses

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47
Q

what is the major surface antigen in HIV

A

glycoprotein 120

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48
Q

what cells do HIV target

A

CD4 or T helper cells which are key for immunity

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49
Q

Tuberculosis is a …

A

bacteria

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50
Q

pneumocystis and candida are a type of

A

fungus

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51
Q

herpes that causes Kaposis Sarcoma is a type of

A

virus

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52
Q

is HIV a syndrome or a disease

A

syndrome

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53
Q

what is the incubation period for HIV AIDS

A

1-2 weeks

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54
Q

What is HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral Therapy which is a lifelong treatment for AIDS

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55
Q

who had a mutation in his CD4 cells that causes immunity to HIV

A

Stephen Crohn

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56
Q

when was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

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57
Q

when was the last case of smallpox in the US

A

1949

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58
Q

the last natural case was where and when

A

Somalia 1977

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59
Q

how many deaths did smallpox cause in 20th century

A

300 million

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60
Q

is smallpox zoonotic

A

no

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61
Q

smallpox is a type of DNA or RNA virus

A

DNA

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62
Q

what shape is the small pox virus

A

brick shaped

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63
Q

what is the incubation period for smallpox

A

7-17 days

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64
Q

what are the stages of rashes of smallpox

A

papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs

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65
Q

what is the reservoir for SARS

A

horseshoe bats

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66
Q

where and when were coronaviruses discovered

A

in poultry in 19302

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67
Q

how many coronaviruses cause disease in humans

A

7

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68
Q

where and when was the first outbreak of SARS

A

Guangdong China in 2002-2003

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69
Q

what was the first emerging infectious disease with global impact

A

SARS

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70
Q

what are the first cases of SARS in Guangdong China related to

A

farmed wildlife and exotic cuisine (Palm Civet Cats)

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71
Q

what was the intermediate host of SARS

A

Palm Civet Cats

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72
Q

What is the incubation period of SARS

A

2-7 dayshat

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73
Q

was the fatality rate of SARS in the 2002-2003 outbreak

A

10%

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74
Q

Program for monitoring emerging diseases sponsored by ISID launched in 1994

A

ProMed

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75
Q

where was the first SARS super spreader event

A

METROPOLE HOTEL IN HONG KONG

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76
Q

what is the full name for MERS

A

middle eastern respiratory syndrome

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77
Q

Where and When was MERS first reported

A

Saudi Arabia 2012

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78
Q

where were the most infected people with MERS located

A

Arabian peninsula

79
Q

where was the largest outbreak outside of the peninsula

A

Republic of Korea in 2015

80
Q

what is the intermediate host for MERS

A

dromedary camels

81
Q

what is the incubation period for MERS

A

2-14 days

82
Q

what is the facility rate of MERS

A

34%

83
Q

what virus was isolated rom pigs in 1930s

A

Influenza

84
Q

Where was HIV AIDS first reported

A

Los Angeles California

85
Q

when was the CARE act signed into law

A

1990

86
Q

what causes retro viruses to have enormous variation

A

reverse transcription that creates so many mistakes

87
Q

microorganism that don’t usually infect and cause disease unless the host is immunosuppressed

A

opportunistic pathogens

88
Q

when were simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) discovered

A

1985

89
Q

HIV-1 evolved from which animal that had SIV

A

chimpanzee

90
Q

how did HIV get to the Congo

A

infected individual came back from Africa in 1960s

91
Q

how did HIV get to the US

A

blood trade and prostitution

92
Q

where were 70% of death caused by HIV

A

sub Saharan Africa

93
Q

when was the last case of smallpox in the US

A

1949

94
Q

when and where was the last natural case of smallpox

A

in Somalia in 1977

95
Q

what year was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

96
Q

what kind of virus are pox viruses (RNA or DNA)

A

DNA

97
Q

are there any vectors or animal reservoirs for smallpox

A

no

98
Q

what is the fatality of various major

A

30%

99
Q

what is the fatality rate of various minor

A

less than 1%

100
Q

how many people can a person with small pox infect

A

10

101
Q

does smallpox develop slower than chicken pox

A

yes

102
Q

the global spread of smallpox correlates with growth of civilizations

A

yes

103
Q

Pox lesions went deeper into skin
Bleeding occurred into the lesions and the skin peeled off
Massive loss of fluid and blood led to death
Mortality rate was over 50%
What population is this found in ?

A

Native Americans with smallpox

104
Q

what disease spread to Peru and killed the chief Inca which collapsed their empire

A

smallpox

105
Q

which disease was considered a biological war in French and Indian Wars

A

smallpox

106
Q

who was responsible for turning public opinion in favor of variolation. She survived smallpox and inoculated her children in 1722.

A

Lady Mary Montague

107
Q

did Washington use variolation to protect his army from smallpox

A

yes

108
Q

who developed the vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

109
Q

what was the first state to require smallpox vaccination for school

A

Massachusetts in 1855

110
Q

when did WHO smallpox eradication campaign start

A

1958

111
Q

who led the WHO smallpox eradication campaign

A

Donald Henderson

112
Q

how was the small pox vaccine administered

A

bifurcated needle and 15 strokes on the skin, swollen lymph nodes are common

113
Q

what was the first infectious disease to be eradicated

A

smallpox

114
Q

who and when was the last death of smallpox

A

Janet Parker in 1978 in an accidental lab case

115
Q

where are the remaining smallpox stocks

A

Atlanta Georgia USA

116
Q

what vaccine is approved for smallpox and mpox

A

JYNNEOS a non replicating modified vaccinia

117
Q

what animal is canary pox virus vectored rabies vaccine used for

A

cats

118
Q

ORV is used for ..

A

rabies control in wild animals

119
Q

influenza virus vaccines are produced in …

A

chicken eggs, insect cells

120
Q

Influenza A is further subdivided into subtypes based on what gene criteria

A

neuraminidase and hemagglutinin

121
Q

HIV-1, the primary causative agent of AIDS, originated from simian viruses from which animal species

A

chimpanzee and gorilla

122
Q

Antiviral drugs to treat influenza infections target the following viral proteins:

A

virus polymerase complex and neuraminidase

123
Q

Vaccines were used effectively to control the 1918 flu pandemic. (T/F)

A

false there were no vaccines at the time

124
Q

AIDS is caused by HIV

A

true

125
Q

The emergence of new strains of influenza viruses by the exchange of genome segments (genes) when two different viruses infect the same cell is called

A

antigenic shift

126
Q

The emergence of new strains of influenza viruses by introducing point mutations (mistakes) during virus replication is called

A

antigenic drift

127
Q

Developing a vaccine for HIV/AIDS has been challenging because of:

A

high mutation rate of HIV

128
Q

Food Security is based on having

A

a reliable and nutritious food supply

129
Q

How many people died during the Irish potato famine

A

2.5 million

130
Q

which disease was a considered a potential bioweapon

A

rinderpest

131
Q

Rinderpest was officially declared eradicated in the World in which year

A

2011

132
Q

The Potato Blight is caused by a:

A

fungus

133
Q

Which of the following are the most important staples for a human diet

A

rice and wheat

134
Q

name 8 reasons for human migration

A

starvation, drought, disease, economic opportunity, poverty, war, religion, ethnic cleansing

135
Q

wheat, rye, rice, barley, corn, sorghum and millet are examples of

A

grains

136
Q

potatoes, yams, and cassava are examples of

A

tubers

137
Q

beans, lentils and peas are examples of

A

legumes

138
Q

how many crops provide 90% of the world food

A

15 crops

139
Q

by 2050 there will be how many people in the world

A

9.6 billion

140
Q

where were potatoes domesticated

A

in Peru by the Inca and in Bolivia

141
Q

what family are potatoes in

A

Solanaceae

142
Q

what is Solanum tuberosum

A

potato

143
Q

when did Europe start to cultivate potatoes for human food

A

1700s

144
Q

Until the 1800s Irish were not allowed to own land, vote or even attend school. (T/F)

A

true

145
Q

when was the Irish potato famine

A

1845-1849

146
Q

what did farmers first use to get rid of potato blight

A

copper sulfate

147
Q

how are potatoes propagates

A

cloning, no seeds

148
Q

where did people from Ireland go to to escape famine

A

Gross Islands in Canada and Ellis Island in US, Galveston

149
Q

what percent of Americans have Irish ancestry

A

11%

150
Q

how many presidents have Irish ancestry

A

22

151
Q

Is the Texas zebra chip vector borne

A

yes the vector is potato psyllid

152
Q

texas ranks ____ in potato production in the US

A

13th

153
Q

how many people die of hunger and malnutrition every day

A

25K

154
Q

how many children die each year

A

3.1 million, population of Austin and Dallas combined

155
Q

what places have extreme malnutrition

A

South Sudan, Ehtiopia, Kenya, Niger

156
Q

what percent of people are 2 days of walking distance from a road

A

95%

157
Q

does rinderpest affect humans directly

A

no but causes famine

158
Q

what is the incubation period of rinderpest

A

3-15 days

158
Q

where was the first veterinary school

A

lyon, France in 1762

159
Q

where was the first international veterinary congress

A

Hamburg 186

160
Q

when was he rinderpest pandemic in Africa

A

1885

161
Q

who or what was susceptible to rinderpest

A

all ruminants

162
Q

why did US and Canada work on a vaccine for rinderpest

A

they thought it could be a bioweapon in WW2

163
Q

who wrote the first paper on the pathology of rinderpest and graduated from out school

A

Dr. Fred Maurer

164
Q

who developed a modified live virus vaccine for rinderpest

A

Dr. Walter Plowright 1951

165
Q

where was the central veterinary lab built

A

Bamako Mali in 1978

166
Q

when was rinderpest eradicated

A

2011

167
Q

Disease that respects no national boundaries are calle

A

transboundary

168
Q

what % of all know infectious diseases are zoonotic

A

60%

169
Q

what % of emerging diseases are zoonotic

A

75%

170
Q

reservoir for monkey pox

A

grass cutters, cane rats

171
Q

where was the first case of monkey pox in the US

A

dallas 2003 because of prairie dogs as pets

172
Q

what 4 families of viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever

A

Arena viruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses

173
Q

lassa fever is a type of

A

arenavirus

174
Q

ebola and Marburg are what type of virus

A

filovirus

175
Q

dengue fever, yellow fever, west nile and zika are what type of virus

A

flavivirus

176
Q

what do the 4 viruses that cause viral hemmoragic fever have in common

A

they are all RNA viruses protected with a lipid coat, need reservoirs, and are geographically restricted

177
Q

the rashes with ebola are due to

A

internal bleeding

178
Q

what is the mortality rate of ebola

A

50-100%

179
Q

what animals does ebola affect in Africa

A

mountain gorillas

180
Q

where was the most recent outbreak of ebola

A

Uganda

181
Q

where and when was ebola first reported

A

in 1976 South Sudan

182
Q

what is the reservoir for ebola

A

fruit bats and pigs

183
Q

where was Marburg first seen

A

Marbug Germany in 1967

184
Q

when did FDA approve the Merck Ebola vaccine

A

2019

185
Q

what was the most deadly ebola virus

A

Zaire ebola

186
Q

how long can ebola stay in semen

A

9 months

187
Q

how many arena viruses are known to cause human disease

A

8

188
Q

arena viruses are associated with what species

A

rodents

189
Q

what is the reservoir for Lassa fever

A

Mastomys rat

190
Q

where was Lassa fever first described

A

Nigeria in 1960s

191
Q

is lassa fever vector borne

A

no it is spread by contact with infected urine and feces of rodents

192
Q
A

Great Diseases of the World (4 decks)

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