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Great Diseases of the World > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How did malaria first enter into the Americas?

A

during the beginning of European exploration

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2
Q

Why is the sickle cell trait beneficial to people living in areas of endemic malaria?

A

the sickle cell trait gives you immunity to malaria

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3
Q

the malaria organism reproduces in which tissue or organ?

A

liver and red blood cells

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4
Q

what kind of causative agent causes malaria? (ex: bacteria, virus,protozoa etc)

A

protozoa

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5
Q

the social stigma and shunning of those with leprosy took what rights away?

A

work, move freely and see loved ones, and vote

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6
Q

what is the scientific name of the causative agent for leprosy

A

mycobacterium leprae

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7
Q

leprosy is transmitted through aerosol droplets (T/F)

A

true

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8
Q

95% of human population has natural immunity to leprosy (T/F)

A

true

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9
Q

a patient stops transmitting leprosy once they begin treatment (T/F)

A

true

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10
Q

leprosy can be transmitted by casual contact such as shaking hands or hugging (t/f)

A

false

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11
Q

what animal can be infected with leprosy

A

armadillos

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12
Q

is leprosy a very contagious disease

A

no

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13
Q

what factors contributed to the spread of tuberculosis in the US in the past few decades (3)

A

HIV epidemic, increased immigration of people from endemic areas, and increased homelessness with drug abuse

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14
Q

Is tuberculosis curable and preventable

A

yes

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15
Q

is tuberculosis treated with a single antibiotic

A

no

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16
Q

what is the causative agent called that causes tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium Bovis

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17
Q

WASH infrastructure has no impact on the prevention of cholera in endemic countries (T/F)

A

false it has a major impact

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18
Q

SARS CoV 2 vaccines in the US use which technologies

A

mRNA, adenovirus vector, and adjuvants sub unit protein

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19
Q

coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV1 have been found in what animals

A

bats, palm civets and raccoon dogs

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20
Q

the first SARS outbreak was in what country

A

china

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21
Q

is MERS a zoonotic diseases

A

yes

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22
Q

is MERS transmitted by mosquitoes

A

no

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23
Q

is MERS associated with bats and camels

A

yes

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24
Q

mers is an emerging diseases caused by a new corona virus identified in what year

A

2012

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25
Q

what can someone in Texas do to lower the chances of being infected with an arbovirus

A

reduce contact with vector

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26
Q

are arboviruses transmitted by arthropods

A

yes

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27
Q

what is the natural host for Lassa fever

A

rodents

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28
Q

is Lassa fever a vector borne disease

A

no

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29
Q

do hemorrhagic viral diseases cause multi organ failure and death

A

yes

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30
Q

can ebola be transmitted by mosquitoes

A

no

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31
Q

how is ebola transmitted

A

infected animals, infected bodily fluids, infected fruit or bushmeat

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32
Q

Ebola is a hemorrhagic disease caused by a bacterium of the family filoviruses

A

false it is a virus

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33
Q

what is the only ANIMAL disease that has been eradicated

A

rinderpest

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34
Q

the Irish potato famine was caused by what 2 major things

A

peoples food coming from a monoculture and a fungus attacking their staple food

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35
Q

vaccination aims to induce an innate immune response to a pathogen (T?F)

A

false it is an acquired response

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36
Q

is the number of people vaccinated in order to reach herd immunity the same for all pathogens

A

no it varies on how contagious a pathogen is

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37
Q

what was variolation

A

inoculation of scabs from smallpox virus patients to protect against pox viruses

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38
Q

which is stronger and faster a primary (antibodies) or a secondary immune response

A

a secondary response is more rapid and stronger

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39
Q

immunoglobulins produced by B cells that bind to antigens are also called….

A

antibodies

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40
Q

do all bacteria causes disease

A

no

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41
Q

what are Koch’s postulates

A

criteria for establishing the relation of a microbe to the cause of disease

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42
Q

give the size of pathogens in order from smallest to largest

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths

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43
Q

the germ theory was started by who

A

pasteur

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44
Q

what percent of all diseases are zoonotic

A

60%

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45
Q

what percent of emerging diseases are zoonotic

A

75%

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46
Q

arboviruses include what 4 diseases

A

dengue, Chikungunya, yellow fever and zika

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47
Q

arthropod borne viruses are called what

A

arboviruses

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48
Q

what animal is the reservoir for monkeypox

A

grass cutters/ cane rats

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49
Q

what disease is an arenavirus

A

lassa fever

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50
Q

what 2 diseases are filoviruses

A

ebola and marbug

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51
Q

what 4 diseases are flaviviruses

A

dengue, yellow fever, west nile, and zika

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52
Q

what do the hemorragic fever viruses have in common

A
  • rna viruses
  • all covered in lipid coat
  • all need natural reservoirs
  • geographically restricted
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53
Q

what is the mortality rate of ebola

A

50-100%

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54
Q

when and where was ebola first seen

A

in 1976 Sudan

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55
Q

what is the reservoir for ebola

A

fruit bats and pigs

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56
Q

where and when was marbug first seen

A

1967 marbug germany

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57
Q

ebola can stay in semen for 9 months (T/F)

A

true

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58
Q

when and where was Lassa fever first described

A

Nigeria in 1960s

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59
Q

is lassa fever vector borne

A

no it is transmitted by contact with rodent urine and feces

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60
Q

what is biological warfare

A

using a living organism to harm others but on a larger scale by use of military

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61
Q

what is biological terrorism

A

a smaller scale of biological warfare

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62
Q

arrows dipped in manure were used by who in 400BC

A

the sythians

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63
Q

who put blood from lepers in wine of French in 1495

A

spaniards

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64
Q

what did mongal army use in the siege of Caffa in 1346 as biological weapons

A

plague infected cadavers

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65
Q

the interval between the time of infection and when an infected individual becomes infectious is called…

A

latent period

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66
Q

what is an epidemic

A

a disease outbreak in a specific community

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67
Q

what is an endemic

A

a disease that usually takes place

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68
Q

what is a pandemic

A

worldwide spread of disease

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69
Q

The epidemiologic triad model of disease causation includes what three things

A

agent, host, environment

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70
Q

the development of agriculture resulted in what

A

emergence of zoonotic diseases

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71
Q

are a pathogens infectivity and virulence always directly correlated

A

no

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72
Q

early human societies were sedentary hunter gatherers (t/f)

A

false

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73
Q

our human ancestors first migrated out of Africa how many years ago

A

100,000 years ago

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74
Q

what is the germ theory

A

pathogens or germs can cause disease

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75
Q

what are cytokines

A

small glycoprotiens secreted by cells of the innate immune system

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76
Q

what is the R0 or R naught value

A

the number of people a single infected person is likely to infect

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77
Q

what diseases have been eradicated

A

smallpox and rinderpest

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78
Q

cell-mediated immunity is important for protection against infections with intercellular bacteria (T/F)

A

true `

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79
Q

what organs are responsible for producing immune responses

A

spleen, thymus, and lymph node

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80
Q

The number of people who must be vaccinated to reach “herd immunity” is the same for all pathogens. (T/F)

A

false

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81
Q

what 4 tests are used for diagnosis of tuberculosis

A

chest x-ray. interferon-gamma release assay, sputum smear test, tuberculin skin test

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82
Q

what are the 3 forms of plague

A

pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic

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83
Q

what is the most common form of plague

A

bubonic

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84
Q

what are buboes of plague

A

swollen painful lymph nodes

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85
Q

how can people get plague

A

aerosal, direct contact with rodents, flea bites

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86
Q

what 8 countries were responsible for 2/3rds of worlds tuberculosis cases

A

India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and the democratic republic of the Congo

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87
Q

how was yersinia pestis (plague) brought to North America

A

in early 1900s by ships from hong Kong to San Francisco

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88
Q

what does treatment for tuberculosis require

A

long term therapy with a combination of antibiotics

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89
Q

What was Sanatoria

A

established by Germans to treat tuberculosis

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90
Q

This bacterial agent that causes tuberculosis is transmitted to humans through the milk of infected cows:

A

mycobacterium bovis

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91
Q

does the US have the highest incidence for tuberculosis

A

no

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92
Q

why do cholera patients become dehydrated

A

profuse diarrhea

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93
Q

is cholera spread through direct contact

A

no

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94
Q

is it possible to eradicate cholera with vaccines

A

no

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95
Q

what country is most affected by cholera

A

Bangladesh

96
Q

what is cholera caused by

A

a toxin from a bacteria vibrio cholerae

97
Q

is vibrio cholerae resistant to stomach acid

A

no

98
Q

where did cholera originate from

A

the Ganges river in India

99
Q

how many cholera pandemics have occurred

A

7

100
Q

who discovered malaria and where

A

Ronald Ross in India

101
Q

what contains the first reference of malaria

A

the New Ching

102
Q

what is the vector for malaria

A

female anopheles mosquito

103
Q

when do the clinical signs of malaria occur

A

when the red blood cells burst

104
Q

is the vector of malaria in Texas

A

yes!!!`

105
Q

is malaria species specific

A

yes

106
Q

how did malaria enter the americas

A

European exploration

107
Q

what is the name of the causative agent for malaria

A

plasmodium

108
Q

is the measles virus a single stranded DNA virus

A

no

109
Q

why is measles eradication possible

A

infection and vaccination provide lifelong immunity, safe vaccine, it does not have an animal reservoir

110
Q

does leprosy cause a chronic viral disease that damages the peripheral nerves and skin

A

no

111
Q

where do meals origins trace back to

A

neolithic period when agricultural societies started domesticating cows

112
Q

what is the most infectious disease

A

measles

113
Q

Which percent of nonimmune people exposed to a single positive person can get infected?

A

90%

114
Q

The origins of the measles virus have been traced back to Rinderpest, a virus that affected cows and that has been eradicated.

A

true

115
Q

In the worst cases of Hansen’s disease, the infection damages the skin and nerves, leaving patients numb and susceptible to injury, and affected body parts can become gangrenous.(t/f)

A

true

116
Q

influenza vaccines are produced in

A

mammalian cells, embryonate chicken eggs, and insects cells

117
Q

Influenza A is further subdivided into subtypes based on what gene criteria

A

neuraminidase and hemagglutinin

118
Q

HIV originated from what animal species

A

chimpanzee and gorilla

119
Q

what viral proteins do antiviral drugs target to treat influenza

A

virus polymerase complex and neuraminidase

120
Q

were vaccines used to control the 1918 flu pandemic

A

no

121
Q

is AIDS caused by HIV a retrovirus

A

yes

122
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

emergence of new strains of influenza by exchange of genome segments (genes) from two different viruses

123
Q

what is antigenic drift

A

emergence of new strains of influenza by point mutations or mistakes during viral replication

124
Q

why is developing a vaccine for HIV AIDS hard

A

it is always mutating

125
Q

cna HIV be transmitted through casual contact

A

no

126
Q

what are the 3 stages for HIV

A

fever and sickness, asymptomatic, and terminal illness

127
Q

food security is based on having what

A

a reliable and nutritious food supply

128
Q

how many people died during the Irish potato famine

A

2.5M

129
Q

was rinderpest once considered a biological weapon

A

yes

130
Q

what year was rinderpest eradicated

A

2011

131
Q

the potato blight is caused by what type of agent

A

fungus

132
Q

how is the modern smallpox disease given

A

inoculating vaccinia virus with a bifurcated needle

133
Q

what year was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

134
Q

where are the Variola virus repositories located today

A

Russia and Atlanta Georgia

135
Q

what are the most important staples for human diet

A

rice and wheat

136
Q

what is variolation

A

inoculation with scabs from smallpox patients

137
Q

what two viruses have transovarial transmission in Aedes mosquito

A

yellow fever and rift valley fever

138
Q

what disease cause frequent deaths in Texas in the 1800s and 1900a

A

yellow fever

139
Q

Zika virus infections in pregnant women can result in what one condition?

A

microencephaly in fetuses

140
Q

is there a vaccine for yellow fever

A

yes

141
Q

Poliovirus attacks which area of the nervous system:

A

the spinal cord and anterior horn neuron cells

142
Q

Zika virus was first isolated from what animal in the Zika forest of Uganda?

A

monkeys

143
Q

what two countries have circulating wild type polio virus

A

alfghanistan and Pakistan

144
Q

what factors complicate the WHO polio vaccine campaign:

A

rumor that it will sterilize women, virus circulating in areas of poor sanitation, difficulty reaching some populations

145
Q

what ways can people become infected with ebola

A

contact with diarrhea and vomit, aerosol in hospitals, direct contact with corpses, lab accidents

146
Q

did the army give men in WW1 condoms and education

A

no

147
Q

The British Anthrax experiments at Gruinard Island proved that …

A

an anthrax attack can make land uninhabitable

148
Q

Why would a terrorist use biological terror agents instead of bombs

A

biological agents don’t destroy property

149
Q

The Japanese Military Physicians experimented on humans at Unit 731 to

A

improve health of their army, better understand the disease process, invade and conquer Manchuria

150
Q

The Soviet Biological Weapons Program was the largest in the world and…

A

they stockpiles more anthrax spores than anyone else, included animal diseases too, and stopped after fall of Soviet Union

151
Q

Spiroketa palladium is the cause of syphilis. (t/f)

A

false

152
Q

texas has the highest rate of congenital syphilis in the US (t/f)

A

true

153
Q

what type of causative agent causes syphilis

A

bacteria

154
Q

what percent of biowarfare agents are zoonotic

A

90%

155
Q

what does the ISIS laptop contain

A

19 pg document in Arabic on how to develop biological weapons and how to weaponize the bubonic plague

156
Q

who invented the germ theory

A

Louis pasteur

157
Q

what is incubation period

A

time from infection until the first clinical signs

158
Q
A
159
Q

what is infectivity

A

ability to produce or transmit infection

160
Q

what is pathogenicity

A

ability of an organism to cause disease

161
Q

what is virulence

A

degree of harm a pathogen can cause

162
Q

who is the father of vaccinology

A

Edward jenner

163
Q

what is the name of the causative agent for plague

A

yersinia pestis a bacteria

164
Q

what disease has killed more people

A

tuberculosis

165
Q

what was Potts disease

A

tuberculosis of the spine

166
Q

Characteristics of Mycobacteria

A
  • Complex cell walls rich in glycolipids
  • Resists phagocytosis, attachment of antibody, and entry of antimicrobials
  • Slow growth rates: generation time of 12-36 hours
167
Q

what is the name and type of causative agent for cholera

A

vibrio cholerae bacteria

168
Q

what did John snow do in importance to cholera

A

he found that the Broadstreet pump was connected to infections and it came from water

169
Q

what did Filippo panini do in relation to cholera

A

he discovered comma shaped bacteria in intestines

170
Q

what did Robert koch do in relation to cholera

A

isolated the bacteria and suggested it produced toxins

171
Q

who advocated the miasma theory for cholera

A

max von petterkofer

172
Q

who advocated the poison theory for choler

A

John snow

173
Q

who advocated the germ theory for cholera

A

Robert koch

174
Q

who isolated the cholera bacteria

A

Robert koch

175
Q

what is plasmodium malariae

A

malaria of the subtropics

176
Q

what is the R0 for measles

A

12-18

177
Q

what kind of virus is measles

A

single stranded RNA

178
Q

what did Rhazes do

A

determined difference between measles and smallpox

179
Q

what year was measles eliminated from USA

A

2000

180
Q

tuberculosis can cause immunity for what other disease

A

leprosy

181
Q

what is the reservoir host for COVID

A

horseshoe bats

182
Q

what was operation warp speed

A

mass production of vaccines

183
Q

where did SARS originate from

A

Guangdong China

184
Q

where was the first SARS superspreader event

A

metropolis motel ong Kông

185
Q

where was the largest outbreak of MERS outside of the peninsula

A

Republic of Korea 2015

186
Q

what is the intermediate host for MERS

A

dromedary camals

187
Q

how long does vaccine manufacturing take for the flue

A

6 months

188
Q

what develops slower smallpox or chicken pox

A

smallpox

189
Q

is the Texas zebra chip disease vector borne

A

yes

190
Q

cane rats are reservoirs for what disease

A

monkeypox

191
Q

lassa fever is what type of virus

A

arena virus

192
Q

ebola and marbug are what types of viruses

A

filoviruses

193
Q

dengue, yellow, west nile, and zika are what kind of virus

A

flaviviruses

194
Q

where did ebola originate

A

South Sudan

195
Q

where did marbug originate

A

Marburg germany

196
Q

where was Lassa fever first described

A

nigeria 1960s

197
Q

what does the mastomys rat carry

A

lassa fever

198
Q

is lassa fever vector borne

A

no

199
Q

what transmits yellow fever

A

aedes mosquito

200
Q

who was the first to propose that mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever

A

Carlos Juan Finlay

201
Q

who eliminated yellow fever in CUBA

A

Crawford Vargas

202
Q

what is it called when yellow fever is passed from monkeys to humans

A

syllabic yellow fever

203
Q

who isolated the yellow fever virus

A

max theiller

204
Q

who isolated the dengue fever virus and where

A

Ren Kimura and Susumu Hotta in Japan

205
Q

where id dengue fever endemic

A

Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands

206
Q

where was the West Nile virus first identified

A

Uganda 1937

207
Q

what animals are primary reservoirs for west nile

A

birds

208
Q

where is the white nile

A

lake Victoria in Uganda

209
Q

where is the blue nile

A

lake tana in Ethiopia

210
Q

where does the nile river empty into

A

Mediterranean Sea

211
Q

what is the vector for zika

A

aedes mosquito

212
Q

where was the Chikungunya virus identified

A

1952 Tanzania

213
Q

where was rift valley fever first identified

A

rift valley of Kenya

214
Q

what disease causes abortion in sheep

A

rift valley fever

215
Q

where does polio replicate

A

pharynx and GI tract

216
Q

by what day is the antibody for polio in serum

A

day 10

217
Q

who managed to induce polio in old world monkeys by injecting them with extracts of the spinal cord of a boy who died from polio work in Vienna.

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper

218
Q

Maize
Tomato
potato
vanilla
Para (rubber tree)
Cacao
Tobacco
are old or new world plans

A

new

219
Q

Citrus
Apple
Banana
Mango
Onion
Coffee
Wheat
Rice
are new or old world plants

A

old

220
Q

who coined the name syphilis

A

Girolamo Fracastoro who had a poem

221
Q

what was a grand gore.

A

large sore

222
Q

causative agent of syphilis

A

bacteria treponema pallidum

223
Q

how many stages of syphilis are there

A

4

224
Q

Sore throat
Weight loss
Skin rashes
Joint pain
Fever
Fatigue
Stiff neck meningitis
Happens 1-6 months after primary infection
Symmetrical reddish pink not itchy rashes on body
Become flat white lesions called condylomata lata
All of them are infectious
what stage is this

A

secondary stage

225
Q

who showed that gonorrhea and syphilis were distinct

A

Benjamin Bell

226
Q

what were 3 advances in 1900s for syphilis

A

The spirochete Treponema pallidum was identified
Serological diagnostic test for syphilis developed
Advances in therapy

227
Q

Vaugirard Hospital in Paris (1780)
was important because

A

is was the first time syphilis was treated as a medical problem and not a moral problem

228
Q

who has a 5 point plan to eradicate syphilis

A

Thomas Parra

229
Q

Guaiacum Wood Treatment
was used for what

A

to treat syphilis

230
Q

mercury therapy caused what

A

produced saliva a sign of mercury poisoning

231
Q

what was fever therapy

A

using malaria to give fever and treat syphilis

232
Q

who invented fever therapy

A

Julius Van Wagner

233
Q

Arsphenamine was a form of what

A

arsenic

234
Q

who invited penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

235
Q

what were the Tuskegee studies

A

plan to help improve healthcare for African Americans in the south but they just lied to them

236
Q
A

Great Diseases of the World (4 decks)

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