Exam 2 Flashcards
Where was Cholera first found?
Ganges River, India
What kind of pathogen is Cholera?
Bacterial infection
What is the bacteria for Cholera called?
Vibrio Cholerae
Where is the bacteria for Cholera found?
in warm waters
What are the symptoms for Cholera?
diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration
What is the treatment for cholera?
rehydration and electrolytes
What is the incubation period for cholera?
2hrs- 5days
Is cholera sensitive to stomach acid?
yes
How is cholera spread?
contained water or food caused by feces
What country was most affected by cholera?
Bangladesh
How many cholera pandemics have there been?
7
Which Pandemic killed James Polk with cholera?
2nd
Who supported the Miasma Theory for Cholera?
Max von Petterkofer
Who supported the Poison Theory for Cholera?
John Snow
What did John Snow discover in 1954?
Broadway Street Pump had contaminated water which caused the disease because of feces.
What did the public Health Act of 1875 provide?
clean water and sewage disposal
Who supported the Germ Theory for Cholera?
Robert Koch
Who discovered that vibrio cholerae produced the toxins
Robert Koch
Who discovered comma shaped bacteria in feces?
Filippo Pacini
Who discovered the transmission of Malaria?
Ronald Ross in India 1897
What book contains the first reference of Malaria?
Nei Ching
Where do the protozoa of Malaria reproduce?
Liver and blood cells
What is the vector of Malaria?
Female Anopheles mosquito
At what stage do the symptoms of malaria appear?
When the protozoa burst the cells after multiplying
What is the name of the pathogen that causes Malaria?
Plasmodium spp.
What are the 4 types of malaria?
P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.vivax, P.ovale.
How did malaria come to the U.S?
European exploration brought the DISEASE
Which disease is species specific?
Malaria
who discovered the actual parasite?
Charles Laveran in Algeria
Which malaria is deadly?
P. falciparum
What year was malaria eliminated?
1947
What are the symptoms of malaria?
chills, fever, headache
What condition makes you immune to malaria?
Sickle cell
Which disease is a worldwide problem?
Cholera
What is the most infectious disease?
Measles
What kind of virus is Measles?
single stranded RNA
Where did measles come from?
emerged from rinderpest in cattle
What is the virus for measles called?
morbillivirus
When do symptoms begin to show for measles?
after 7-14 days of infection
What is Otitis Media?
ear infection that can lead to hearing loss
what is encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
what is viremia
when measles spreads to organs
what causes the rash in measles
the inflammation of capillaries in the skin
What is the R0 for measles?
12-18
How is measles spread?
through close contact (aerosol droplets in the air)
who tried to make a vaccine for measles by injecting infected blood?
Francis Home
What kind of virus is used for measles?
modified live virus
what is the lancet movement?
when people thought vaccines caused autism
what year did CDC declare measles eliminated from the US
2000
who determined the difference between small pox and measles
Rhazes but Hohn Locke in US
measles in spanish
sarampion
Where was the great sickness
Alaska in summer 1900
who got measles from an orphanage in London
Kin Kamehameha 2nd
meals first started in..
Neolithic period when people domesticated cows
What percent of people get measles
90%
Where did Leprosy originate?
Egypt or Gangetic Valley in India
What is the bacteria for leprosy called?
Mycobacterium leprae
what is the zoonotic reservoir for leprosy?
9 banded armadillo
What is a chronic infectious disease to the skin called?
leprosy
what percent of population is susceptible to leprosy
10%
if the nerves are not involved, leprosy is only a minor skin disease
true
how long does leprosy take to fully develop?
20 years
what disease causes immunity to leprosy?
tuberculosis
who found the bacteria responsible for leprosy?
Herhand Armauer Hansen found it in skin nodules
what stain is used to see the bacteria for leprosy?
acid fast staining
who is the saint of leprosy
Lazarus
what places had the highest cases of leporsy worldwide?
India, Brazil, and Indonesia
What places in the US had the most cases of Leprosy
AK, cali, Fl, NY and TX
Leprosy is a chronic viral disease that damages peripheral nerves and skin.
True
What is another name for Leprosy?
Hansens disease
Hansen’s disease causes patients to be numb and susceptible to disease leading to …
grangenous
what civil liberties were taken when someone had leprosy?
right to vote, move freely and see loved ones, work or raise families of their own
Where did Covid 19 come from?
Wuhan China
what was the original name for covid?
2019 novel coronavirus
what is the zoonotic reservoir for Covid 19?
horseshoe bats
When did the first cases of pneumonia come out in Wuhan China
December 30th, 2019
where was the first outbreak of covid in the US
Washington state
when did the US put travel restrictions for covid
January 20th 2020
when was covid declared a pandemic
March 11th
when were the vaccines for covid FDA approved
December 11th and 18th
what percent of covid cases are mild
81%
what percent of covid cases are severe
14%
what percent of covid cases are critical
5%
what is the mortality rate of covid
2%
what is the incubation period for covid
2-14 days
How is covid treated
monoclonal antibodies or antivirals
What does WASH stand for
water, sanitation, and hygiene
incubation period of cholera
2 hrs - 5days
which pandemic of cholera was the most lethal
3rd
What caused the cholera riots
anti-cholera measures like quarantine and migratory restrictions
Where is the primary place of infection for measles?
respiratory epithelium of nasophorax
how did measles come to the americas
European exploration
who developed the vaccine for measles
John Endors
Mycobacterium (leprosy) is what kind of shape
rod shaped
leprocy has a high content of which lipid
mycotic acid
Where was the first known case of leprosy in America
Louisiana
Where was the national institution for the care of leprosy
caravelle louisiana
What does WHO stand for
world health organization
What kind of vaccine is the Pfizer-BioNTech
mRNA
What kind of vaccine is Moderna
mRNA
What kind of vaccine is Novavax
subunit protein, adjuvanted
What kind of vaccine is Johnson & Johnson
adeno viral vector
What was OWS?
operation warp speed, rapid mass production of vaccines for the covid 19 pandemic.
In what kind of animals were coronaviruses first discovered
poultry
how many coronaviruses are known to infect humans
7
how similar is SARS to covid 19 in their sequence
79%
what caused the SARS pandemic
wildlife farming and exotic cuisine in Guangdong China
how is SARS and MERS spread
Aerosol droplets
How long is the incubation period for SARS
2-7 days
what was the facility rate for SARS
10%
how do you diagnose SARS
Nucleic Acid amplification test
What is ProMED
email database program for monitoring emerging diseases
where was the first SARS super spreader event
Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong
What is the intermediate host for SARS
Palm Civet Cats
where was MERS first reported
in Saudi Arabia
where were most of the cases for MERS
Arabian peninsula
where was the largest outbreak of MERS outside of the Arabian peninsula
Republic of Korea
What is the intermediate host for MERS
dromedary camels
what is the incubation period for MERS
2-14 days
What is the facility rate of MERS
34%
