vTHE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

Question 1

describes the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet

part of a single geologic unit called the lithosphere

Answer 1

THE CRUST

Question 2

mostly made up of igneous rocks, like granite and basalt

Our planet’s thin, 40-kilometer (25-mile) deep crust—just 1% of Earth’s mass—contains all known life in
the universe.

Answer 2

THE CRUST

Question 3

Today, tectonic activity is responsible for the formation (and destruction) of crustal materials.

Answer 3

THE CRUST

Question 4

Billions of years ago, the
planetary blob that would
become the Earth started out
as a hot, viscous ball of rock.

Answer 4

earth’s core

Question 5

The molten material
that surrounded the
core was the early

Answer 5

mantle

Question 6

The heaviest material,
that sank
to the center of the new
planet and became its core.

Answer 6

iron and nickel

Question 7

Over millions of years, the
mantle cooled. Water
trapped inside minerals
erupted with lava, a
process called

Answer 7

“outgassing.”

Question 8

Materials that initially stayed in
their liquid phase during this
process, called _______ ultimately became
Earth’s brittle crust.

Answer 8

“incompatible
elements,”

Question 9

TWO TYPES OF CRUST

Answer 9

Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust

Question 10

The transition zone between these two
types of crust

Answer 10

Conrad discontinuity

Question 11

Conrad discontinuity

named after the seismologist

Answer 11

Victor
Conrad

Question 12

are the most abundant
rocks and minerals in both oceanic
and continental crust

Answer 12

Silicates

Question 13

(mostly compounds made of silicon
and oxygen)

Answer 13

Silicates

Question 14

mostly composed of different types of granites. Geologists often refer to the rocks of the
continental crust as “sial”

Answer 14

CONTINENTAL CRUST

Question 15

made up of silicate and aluminium

• the most abundant elements

Answer 15

Sial

Question 16

created by plate tectonics

Answer 16

CONTINENTAL CRUST

Question 17

where tectonic plates crash into each other, continental crust is thrust up in the process of orogeny, or mountain-building.

Answer 17

convergent plate boundaries,

Question 18

the thickest parts of continental crust are at the

Answer 18

world’s tallest mountain ranges.

Question 19

the crust extends unevenly below the Earth as well as soaring into the atmosphere

Answer 19

CONTINENTAL CRUST

Question 20

the oldest and most stable part of the continental
lithosphere

usually found deep in the interior of most
continents

Answer 20

Cratons

Question 21

2 Types of Cratons

Answer 21

Shields

Platforms

Question 22

cratons in which the ancient basement
rock crops out into the atmosphere

Answer 22

SHIELDS

Question 23

are cratons in which the basement rock is
buried beneath overlying sediment

Answer 23

PLATFORMS

Question 24

is almost always much older than the
oceanic crust. Because continental crust is rarely destroyed and
recycled in the process of subduction, some sections of
continental crust are nearly as old as the Earth itself.

Answer 24

continental crust

Question 25

Extending 5-10 kilometres beneath the ocean floor Mainly composed of basalts The rocks are often refer as “sima”

Answer 25

OCEANIC CRUST

Question 26

made up of silicate and magnesium - the most abundant minerals in the crust

Answer 26

Sima

Question 27

Denser than the continental crust Constantly formed at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are tearing apart from each other Destroyed at subduction zones

Answer 27

OCEANIC CRUST

Question 28

the ___ and _____ of oceanic crust increases with distance from mid-ocean ridges.

Answer 28

age and density

Question 29

important geologic process in which a tectonic plate made of dense lithospheric materials melts or falls below a plate made of less-dense lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary

Answer 29

Subduction

Question 30

Mostly solid bulk of Earth’s interior Lies between Earth’s dense, superheated core and its thin outer layer, crust Makes the 84% of the Earth’s total volume

Answer 30

THE MANTLE

Question 31

2 types of TEMPERATURE in the mantle

Answer 31

Near boundary between crust Near boundary with the core

Question 32

- Varies from 1000 degrees Celsius

Answer 32

Near boundary between crust

Question 33

- 3,700 degrees Celsius

Answer 33

Near boundary with the core

Question 34

4 TYPES OF ROCKS

Answer 34

Olivine Garnet Pyroxene Magnesium oxide

Question 35

Mostly silicates (a wide variety of compounds that share a silicon and oxygen

Answer 35

TYPES OF ROCKS in the mantle

Question 36

5 ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE MANTLE

Answer 36

Iron Aluminum Calcium Sodium Potassium

Question 37

Extends from the crust to a depth of about 410 kilometres Mostly solid, but its more malleable regions Contributes to tectonic activity

Answer 37

THE UPPER MANTLE

Question 38

TWO PARTS OF THE MANTLE

Answer 38

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

Question 39

The division between the crust and the mantle

Answer 39

THE MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY

Question 40

THE MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY Simply called as

Answer 40

Moho

Question 41

THE MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY Named after Croatian seismologist

Answer 41

Andrija Mohorovicic

Question 42

Who first detected in 1909 by examining the seismic waves moving through the Earth

Answer 42

Andrija Mohorovicic

Question 43

Is the solid, outer part of Earth Includes both crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle Both the coolest and the most rigid of Earth’s layers

Answer 43

LITHOSPHERE

Question 44

Tectonic Activity is found in

Answer 44

LITHOSPHERE

Question 45

Describes the interaction of the huge slabs (flat, thick piece of material such as earth or stone) lithosphere called tectonic plates

Answer 45

Tectonic Activity

Question 46

Denser, weaker layer beneath the lithosphere mantle Temperature and pressure are so high that rocks soften and partly melt, becoming semi-molten

Answer 46

ASTHENOSPHERE

Question 47

More ductile than either the lithosphere or lower mantle More viscous than the lithosphere

Answer 47

ASTHENOSPHERE

Question 48

The very slow motion of lithospheric plates

Answer 48

“floating”

Question 49

is the cause of plate tectonics, continental drift, earthquakes, the formation

Answer 49

plates “floating”

Question 50

One of the most obscure places in the world separates two continents and two tectonic plates, namely the North American and Eurasian plates.

Answer 50

THE SILFRA RIFT

Question 51

THE SILFRA RIFT divides two tectonic plates namely

Answer 51

North American and Eurasian plates.

Question 52

hotter and denser than the upper mantle much less ductile than the upper mantle intense pressure keeps the lower mantle solid

Answer 52

THE LOWER MANTLE

Question 53

responsible for transferring heat from the inner and outer core to the upper layers of the planet

Answer 53

THE LOWER MANTLE