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EARTHSCI > EARTH'S ROCKS > Flashcards

EARTH'S ROCKS Flashcards

1
Q

aggregation of different
mineral constituents which
form the earth’s crust

A

rocks

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2
Q

are scientists who study a planet’s
solid features, like soil, rocks, and
minerals

A

Geologists

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3
Q

process in which rocks are
continuously transformed
between the three rock types

A

igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic

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4
Q

Geological
classification

A

Sedimentary rocks
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks

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4
Q

Physical classification

A

Stratified rocks
Unstratified rocks
Foliated rocks

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4
Q

Chemical
classification

A

Argillaceous rocks
Calcareous rocks
Siliceous rocks

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5
Q

Physical classification and Chemical classification of sedimentary

A

Stratified rocks & Argillaceous rocks

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6
Q

Physical classification and Chemical classification of igneous rocks

A

Unstratified rocks & Calcareous rocks

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7
Q

Physical classification and Chemical classification of metamorphic rocks

A

Foliated rocks & Siliceous rocks

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8
Q

➢from the word ignis, which means “fire” in Latin

A

Igneous rocks

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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

the word ignis, which means

A

“fire” in Latin

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12
Q

are formed by the solidification of magma below the earth’s surface

A

Igneous rocks

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13
Q

molten rock that is
underground and lava for
molten rock that breaks
through the Earth’s surface

A

Magma

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14
Q

process that turns any
rock into magma

A

Melting

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15
Q

requires extremely high
temperatures, which only
occur far beneath the
earth’s surface

A

Melting

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16
Q

the process that hardens
magma and turns it into
igneous rock

A

Cooling

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17
Q

can occur either underneath or
on the earth’s surface

A

Cooling

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18
Q

2 types of igneous rocks

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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19
Q

➢also called plutonic rocks
➢cool slowly without ever reaching the surface

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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20
Q

➢have large crystals that are usually visible without a
microscope
➢surface is known as a phaneritic texture

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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21
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks suface is known as a

A

phaneritic texture

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22
Q

best-known phaneritic rock is

A

granite

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23
extreme type of phaneritic rock is called
pegmatite
24
have a huge variety of crystal shapes and sizes, including some larger than a human hand
Pegmatite
25
* extreme igneous rocks * form during the final stage of a magma’s crystallization
Pegmatites
26
why are Pegmatites extreme?
contain exceptionally large crystals and they sometimes contain minerals that are rarely found in other types of rocks.
27
it make components for electronic devices, retardation plates, circuit boards, optical filters, detector windows, and many other products.
Pegmatites
28
are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
28
2 Rate of Cooling
slow cooling magma rapid Cooling
28
it is used construction, dimension stone, architectural and decorative purpose
Granite
29
when lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock
Volcanic
29
comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a completely crystalline rock
Granite
30
Characterization of Igneous Rocks
✓ Texture ✓ Composition
31
describes the overall appearance of the igneous rocks based on size, shape, and arrangement of the interlocking crystals
Texture
32
large crystals
slow cooling magma
33
small crystals
rapid Cooling
34
3 Characterization of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Coarse-grained Medium-grained Fine-grained
35
grains (crystals) can be seen with bare eyes
Coarse-grained
35
Igneous Rocks Based on Composition Texture/Color Coarse-grained (intrusive) in medium
Diorite
36
Igneous Rocks Based on Composition Texture/Color Coarse-grained (intrusive) in Light
Granite
36
grains can only be seen through the microscope
Fine-grained
37
grains can only be seen through a hand lens
Medium-grained
38
Igneous Rocks Based on Composition: Fine-grained (Extrusive) light
Rhyolite
38
Igneous Rocks Based on Composition Coarse-grained (intrusive) dark
Gabbro
39
igneous Rocks Based on Composition: Fine-grained (Extrusive) in dark
Basalt
39
are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once- living organisms
Sedimentary Rocks
39
igneous Rocks Based on Composition: Fine-grained (Extrusive) in medium
Andesite
39
form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface * often have distinctive layering or bedding
Sedimentary Rocks
40
ROCK PROCESSES IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Weathering Lithification
41
the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface
Weathering
42
The process of turning sediment into a sedimentary rocks, including deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Lithification
43
3 processes of lithification
Deposition Compaction Cementation
43
when sediments are pressed together from the pressure of the above layers of sediment and water
Compaction
43
when sediments, soil, or rocks are added to the land
Deposition
44
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Clastic Sedimentaryn Rocks B. Biologic Sedimentary Rocks
44
hardening and welding of clastic sediments (those formed from pre- existing rock fragments) by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces
Cementation
45
are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks * loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped * becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary rock
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
46
smallest grains are called
clay, then silt, then sand
47
Grains larger than 2 millimeters are called
pebbles.
48
Common Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone Shale Siltstone Conglomerate
49
sandstone is made of sand-sized clasts
Sandstone
49
is made up of silt-sized grains
Siltstone
49
is a rock made mostly of clay
Shale
50
made of pebbles surrounded by a matrix of sand or mud
Conglomerate
51
form when large numbers of living things die
Biologic Sedimentary Rocks
52
is an example for Biologic Sedimentary Rocks and this is one of the ways limestone can form.
Chert
53
bound to a wooden arrow shaft with sinew.
Chert Arrowhead:

EARTHSCI (16 decks)

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