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VPI > VPI Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Flashcards

VPI Pharmacology and Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

What phylum are Ticks, mites, flease and lice…?

A

Phylum Arthropoda

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2
Q

Ticks : Signs

A

Move up Body

Exposed Limbs

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3
Q

Ticks Removal

A

No pharmacological treatment
Done by PHYSICAL removal
(Do not squeeze or crush or leave head behind)

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4
Q

Possible consequences of a tick bite

A
  • Tick-borne Encephalitis

- Lymes disease

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5
Q

Lymes disease Symptoms:

A
  • Bulls eye rash
  • Flue like symptoms
  • Tired and general malaise
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6
Q

Types of Mites

A

Bed mites

Scabies

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7
Q

Life cycle of mites

A

Eggs -> First Nymphal to 5th -> Adult -> eggs

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8
Q

Bed mites: Signs & Symptoms

A

Itchy Bites
Bed bugs

Can survive 6-12 months without feeding

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9
Q

Bed mites prophylaxis

A

How linen wash

Ironing

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10
Q

Bed mites: Treatment

A
  • Empirical treaments for bite reactions
  • Antibiotics
  • Antihistamines
  • Topical and oral corticosteroids
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11
Q

Scabies : Sarcoptes Scabiei

S & S

A
  • Epidermal skin infestation
  • Burrow markings
  • Superficial burrows and pruritus
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12
Q

Life cycle of Scabies

A

Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult

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13
Q

Scabies spread via…?

A

Scabies spread via;

  • Spread directly (hand-to-hand contact)
  • Spread indirectly by fomites (infested objects)
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14
Q

At risk groups for infections?

A
  • Barracks and dormitories
  • Elderly People (nusring homes)
  • Children (schools)

Young mothers
- Close contact infant

  • Sexually active people
  • STI
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15
Q

Pharmacy and Therapeutics Scabies: 1st and 2nd line + Treatment for PRURITIS

A

1st line : Permethrin
2nd line : Malathian lotion

Pruruitis : sedating antihistamine

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16
Q

Permethrin is a …?

A
  • Synthetic pyrethroid
  • Ion channel agonist
  • Acts on nervous system of animal
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17
Q

Permethrin MOA:

A

Neurlogical toxin

  • Binds to Voltage-gated Na+ channel
  • Prevent Na+ inactivation and deactivation
  • Paralyses animal function leading to death
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18
Q

Paralysing animal function via Na+ deactivation

A

Multiple spikes in Na+ on graph

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19
Q

Mechanism of pyrethroid resistance ( Resistance mutations

A

Specific gene mutations lead to structural alterations arising from these mutations alter interactions pyrethroids with Na Channels

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20
Q

Why are insects more susceptible?

A

Sequence of domain II S4-S5 linker at super-kdr site

Binds to MTI

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21
Q

Malathion is what class of drug,,,?

A

Anticholinesterase

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22
Q

Malathion - Neurological toxin: MOA

A
  • Acts on nervous system
  • Irreversibly binds to and blocks cholinesterase
  • Promotes all cholinergic Neurotransmissions
  • Continous muscle excitation and contraction
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23
Q

Action of Anticholinesterase

A

Stops A + Ch being released in the synaptic space

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24
Q

Malathion overdose & toxicitiy

A

Only with repeated exposure

Ingestion and Metabolism to Malaoxon far more toxic

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25
Q

Anticholinesterase in man

A
  • Parasympathomimetic (promotes muscarininc transmission)
26
Q

Sites of cholinesterase action

1,2,3

A
  • Ach(nic) -: SkM (somatic efferent system)

Sympathetic system -> blood vessels, sweat glands, adrenal medulla

Salivary glands (parasympathetic system)

27
Q

Malathion/Malaoxon poisoning;
Muscarinic effects:

Nicotinic effects:

CNS symptoms:

A

Muscarinic effects;

  • Miosis
  • Salivation
  • Sweating
  • Bradycardia

Nicotinic effects:
- Fasciculation

CNS S&S:

  • Anxiety
  • Restlessness
  • Dizziness
28
Q

Ivermectin is a …?

A

Ivermectin is a Macroyltic lactone (Ion channel agonist & acts on CNS of animal)

29
Q

Ivermectin : Neurological toxin: MOA

A
  • Binds to and activates GluCl

- Causes persitent opening (excitation and contraction)

30
Q

GLuCl is a…?

A

A glutamate gated Chloride channel

GluCl are inverterbrate specific

31
Q

Contraindications for Ivermectin

A

Children under 5
Body weight <15kg
Breastfeeding
Hepatic and renal diseases (reduced functionaility)

32
Q

Complications of scabies & Treatment

A
  • Secondary infection
    (e. g staphylococcus)
  • Social stigma
  • Crusted scabies from immunocomprimised patients

T: Ivermectin

33
Q

Life cycle of human fleas

A
  • Eggs
  • Hatch into Larvae
  • Larvae form pupae
  • Adults [D] hatch from pupae -> go onto infect [I]
34
Q

Fleas: S & S

A

Bites group in clusters

35
Q

Fleas: Treaments

A

Antihistamines

Reduces swelling and pruritis

36
Q

Fleas : Vectors of disease

A

Plague

Murine Typhus

37
Q

Lice (NITS) : Pediculus humanus

A

Cling to hair shafts
Can travel quickly up to 25cm/min
Highly contagious

38
Q

Three types of lice:

A

Head lice
Body lice
Pubic lice (crabs)

39
Q

Life cycle of lice + [I] & [D]

A

Eggs[D]
Nymph stages 1-3
Adult [I]

40
Q

Head lice: S & S

A
  • Prurtis

- Insomnia

41
Q

Head lice diagnosis

A

Visual inspection (wet comb test)

42
Q

Pharmaceutical T: Head lice

A

Do not kill live eggs

  • Dimeticone lotion
  • Benzyle alcohol

Kills live lice
-Malathion lotion

43
Q

How do; Dimeticone and

Malathion work

A

Dimeticone
- Silicone based, forms h20 impervous coat on lice suffocating them

Malathion - Anticholinesterese

  • Neurotoix insecticide
  • Promotes cholinergic neruotransmission
44
Q

Pubic Lice : S & S

A

Pruritis
Black powder in underwear
Blue - coloured spots on skin

45
Q

Pubic lice (crabs) treatment

A

Permetherin
Malathion
Repeatead after 7 days to kill newly hatched lice

46
Q

Body lice : S & S

A

Pruritis
Skin discoloration
Red rash

47
Q

Body lice: Treatment

A

Laundering (prevent reinfestation)

  • Permethrin
  • Malathion
48
Q

Body lice transmited diseases?

A

Trench Warfare
Louse-Borne relapsing fever
Epidemic Typhus

49
Q

Which class of drug affects the Hepatic stages of Plasmodium falc infection? + Example

A 
Folate inhibitors (Anti-mitochondrials)
E.g. Atovaquone
50
Q 
Which class of drug affects the Blood stages of plasmodium falc. infection? 
\+ example
A

Quinolines
Quinine
(e.g Mefloquine - Larium)

51
Q

Malarone is …. + … drugs together??

A

Atovaquone + Proguanil hydrochloride

52
Q

How does atavaquone work (MOA)

A
  • Analogue of Ubiquinone
  • As in the mitochondrial ETC
  • Blocks ATP synthesis and Mitchondrial function
53
Q

Low mammalian Toxicity

A

Interacts with cytochrome bc1 complex (Complex III) of ETC

1000x more potent at malarial than mamallian Complex III

54
Q

How does proguanil work?

Where is it effective against in plasmodium?

A

Chlorguanide (Pro-drug)
DHFR inhibitor
Effective against sporozites

55
Q

Malarone-contraindications ?

A

N&V&D

Women breast feeding

Use of machinery (drowzy)

Many drug-drug interactions (e.g. warfarin)

56
Q

How do quinoline containing compounds work?

A

Weak bases accumulate in acidic digestive (food) vacuole of partisite

Base trapping occurs

Interacts with haem preventing hamozoin formation

-TOXIC to parasite

57
Q

Quinoline resistance

A

Resitance done by multiple genes

Decreased drug accmulation in acidic food vacuole
(INCREASED drug efflux)

Expression of ATP-dependent P-glycoprotein in FVM

58
Q

Use of Mefloquine (larium)

A

Rarely used as P.falc. resistance

Assosciated with Neuropsychiatric reactions (insomia, depression)

59
Q

Use of Chloroquine:

Adv & Disadv

A

Non P.falciparum (has resistance)
3 day dose

Disadvantages
- Retinal toxicity

60
Q

Doxycycline is a …. drug ?

And works on what stages of Malaria?

A

Tetracycline antibiotic

Works on RBC stages

61
Q

How does doxycylcine work?

A

Imapir progeny of the apicoplast genes

Found in malaria parasites, vital to parasite survival

VPI (7 decks)

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