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VPI > VPI Biology and Physiology > Flashcards

VPI Biology and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy of Roundworms

A

Nematoda

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2
Q

Taxonomy of flatworms

A

Platyhelminths

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3
Q

Taxonomy of Tapeoworms

A

Cestodes

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4
Q

Geohelminths are also known as …?

A

Soil-transmitted Helminths

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5
Q

STH Intenstinal nemotodes developent takes place…?

A

Takes place outside the body

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6
Q

Infection occurus through contact with…?

A

Infection occurs through parasite eggs or infective larvae in contaminated food or faeces

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7
Q

Enterobious Vermicularis Also knows as? & infection called …?

A

Pinworm or threadworm

Infection called enterobiasis

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8
Q

Pinworm/Threadworm: modes of transmission

A

Faecal-oral Route

Indirect transmission from exposure to viable eggs or infective larvae

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9
Q

Enterobiasis (threadworm infection) : S & S

A

Pruritus anal region
Vulvitis
Insomnia

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10
Q

Copromicroscopical Examination done by…?

A

Perianal swabs from under the nails

Sellotape in perianal region (eggs stick to tape)

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11
Q

Enterobiasis (threadworm infection) : Treatment

A

Mebendazole (DOT)
Albendazole

(Both in class Benzimidazole)

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12
Q 
Trichuris Triciuria (Whipworm) Prevalent in...?
 and Infection called...?
A

Prevealent in tropic/humid climates + poor sanitation

Infectional called Trichuriasis

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13
Q

Enterobiasis and Trichurisasis Adult worms reside in the…?

A

In the CECUM

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14
Q

Trichuris Trichiura : Life cycle

A

1) Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
2) 2- cell stage
3) advanced cleavage
4) Embryonated eggs are ingested
5) Larvae hatch
6) adults in cecum

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15
Q

Trichuris: attachment

A

Not easily dislodged

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16
Q

Trichuriasis: symptoms

A

Light infecitons -> Asymptomatic

Heavy infections: Stool containg mucud blood

Chronic anameia

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17
Q

Trichuriasis: Diagnosis

A

Stool examination (barrel-shape like a lemon)

Egg counts (reflect severity)

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18
Q

Trichuriasis: Pathology

A

Mucosal damage caused by whipworm promote other infections

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19
Q

Trichuriasis: Treatment

A

Mebendazole

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20
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides (GIANT ROUNDWORM) : resides in….? prevalance….,?

A

Resides in the small intestine
Larvae migrate to lungs (via circulation)

Tropical areas poor sanitation

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21
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides: life cycle

A

1) Adults in small intestine and eggs passed with the faeces
2) fertile eggs becoome [I] 18days

3) after ingestion larvae hatch
4) Invade intestinal mucosa & carried through circulation to lungs
5) Larvae mature further and penetrate alveolar walls (get coughed up)
6) Larvae swallowed again -> Small intestine

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22
Q

Ascariasis (giant roundworm infestation)

: Symptoms (lung migration & intestinal reside)

A

During lung migration -> SOB, cough, wheezing

Intestianl symptoms - severe abdominal pain

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23
Q

Ascariasis : Diagnosis

A

Copromicroscopic detection of eggs

Kato-Katz egg count

Worms in faeces

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24
Q

Ascariasis : Pathology

A

Lofflers syndromes (Eosinophils accumulate in lungs - damage -)

High worm load -> Intestinal osbtruction & intussusception

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25
Q

What is Intussusception

A

One part of the intestine slides into another leading to tissue ischaemia & necrosis

  • Peritonitis
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26
Q

Ascariasis : Treament

A

Mebendazole

Levamisole

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27
Q

Mebendazole Drug class & MOA

A
  • Anthelmintics drug

- Binds to high affinity site on B-subunity tubulin PREVENT microtubule formation

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28
Q

Levamisole Drug class & moa

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist

-Causes continued stimulation of muscles -> Paralysis

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29
Q

4 Types of Cestodes:

A

Taenia Solium
Taenia Saginata
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis

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30
Q

Cestodes are ….?

A

Cestodes are segmented flatworms

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31
Q

Definitive host for T.saginata, T.solium

& Infection transmission..?

A

Humans

Infection transmission through the ingestion of raw/undercooked meat

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32
Q

Adult cestodes attach to small intestine via…?

A

Adult segmented flatworms attach to the small intestine via their SCOLEX

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33
Q

What is the scolex?

A

Scolex is the Front section/head of Taenia

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34
Q

T. Solium : Scolex morphology

A

4 Large suckers

And a rostellum (rows of hooks)

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35
Q

T. saginata: Scolex morphology

A

Has 4 large suckers

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36
Q

Rostellum is an important.. feature?

A

Rostellum is an important diagnostic feature

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37
Q

Taenia: Proglottid Morphology

A

Single segments called proglottids,

Each mature proglottid has female and male reproductive organs (they are Hermaphrodites)

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38
Q

Taenia : Life cycle

A

1) Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces and passed into soil [D]
2) Cattle (t.saginata), and pigs (T.solium) become infected by ingesting vegetation infested
3) Oncospheres hatch and penetrate intestinal wall & circulate to muscles
4) Humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat [I]
5) Scolex attached to intestine
6) Adults in small intestine

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39
Q

Taeniasis : S & Pathology

A
  • Non specific symptoms

- Discomfort caused by proglottids crawling from anus

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40
Q

Taenia Solium :

A

When humans ingest eggs or gravid proglottids of T.Solium

- Disease called Cysticercosis

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41
Q

Taenia solium Cysticercosis Life cycle:

A

Normal Taenia Life cycle +

Eggs or gravid Proglottids in feces -> Embryonated eggs ingested by host

Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal and move to muscles

Cysticerci may develop on any organs (S.c. mostly eyes)

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42
Q

Cysticercosis : Symptoms and Pathology

A

T. solium eggs can end up anywhere in the body

CNS cysts = serious problems
Neurocysticercosis (brain cysts)

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43
Q

Taeniasis: Treatment

A

Praziquantel (DOT)

Niclosamide

44
Q

Echinococcus is a ….. infection

A

A Zoonotic infection

Usually found in animals

45
Q

Importance of Zoonotic infections:

A

1) Animal reservoir (hard to eridicate)
2) Pathology more severe than human partisites
3) Can be transmitted by pets & livestock

46
Q

Echinococcus Life Cycle

Same for all 4

A

1) Adults in small intestine of definitive host
2) Gravid Proglottids release eggs (infective)
3) Ingested by intermediate host
4) Eggs hatch in small intestine and oncospheres penetrate intestinal wall
5) Migrate through circlation to organs

47
Q

Echinococcosis : Transmission

A
  • Liver of infected animals

Human infection via Faecal-oral Route
Ingestion of eggs e.g intimate handling of pet
Soil or veggies

48
Q

Cystic Echinococcosis: (caused by) & Symtpoms

A

Caused by E. Granulosus
Cysts are slow growing
Symptoms dependent on Size and Site

49
Q

Alveolar Echinococcosis: (caused by) & Symptoms

A

Caused by E. multilocularis

Larvae do not fully mature to cysts in humans (invade and destroy tissues like metastatic cancer)

Symptoms: Weight loss, abdominal pain, hepatic failure

50
Q

Echinococcosis: Diagnosis

A

Ultrasound

Serological tests

51
Q

Echinococcosis: Treatment

A

Mebendazole

Praziquantel

52
Q

Malaria : Diagnosis What are the 4 forms of diagnosis?

A

Morphological diagnosis
(Light microscopy |(thin blood films)

Rapid Diagnostic tets

Serodiagnosis

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

53
Q

Morphological Diagnosis: Blood films types

A

Thin blood films (reduced sensitivity)

Thick blood films (RBCs are lysed their shape and size)

54
Q

Thick blood films provide…?

Thin blood films provide…?

A

Thick blood films provide senstivity

Thin blood films provide specificity

55
Q

Delays in preparation can result in …..? for Blood films

A

Delays in preparation can result in changes to parasite morphology (misidentifaction)

56
Q

P.Falc: Trophozoites Ringform ID ?

A

Applique

57
Q

P. falc: Schizonts

A

Schizonts rupture to release merozoites into blood

58
Q

P.falc Gametocytes ID:

A

P.falc Gametocytes cresent shaped

Male gametocyte undergoes exflagellation

59
Q

P. Vivax: Trophozoites ID:

A

Schuffners Dots

RBC enlarged + Band-form

60
Q

P. malariae (trophzoites) ID:

A

Band-form(cytoplasm extend across) and Basket form(vacuole)

61
Q

P. ovale : Trophozoites ID:

A

Oval shaped

James’s dots

62
Q

Rapid diagnostic tests MOA

A

1) Blood mixed with lysing agent in test strip
2) Labelled antibody (target antigen specific) on lower end strip
3) Blood and buffer mix with antibody and go up strip
4) If antigen present: labelled antiobody-antigen complex trapped at test line
5) Excess labelled antibody

63
Q

Gold standard in malaria diagnosis

A

Light microscopy

Thin and Thick blood films

64
Q

The Protozoan Parasites (Other ones) - 3

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis
Giardia Lamblia
Entamoebe histolytica

65
Q

Where does ….. Infect;

i) Trichomonas vaginalis
ii) Giardia Lamblia/Intestinalis
iii) Entamoeba histolytica

A

i) Urogential
ii) Intestinal
iii) Intestinal

66
Q

Trichomoniasis: Key facts

A

Most common treatable STI

Caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis

67
Q

Trichomona vaginalis: Life cycle

A

1) Trophozoite in Vaginal secretions and urine
2) Multiple by binary fission
3) Trophozoite in vagina or urethra

68
Q

Trichomoniasis : Symtpoms and Signs

A

Mostly asymptomatic

Symptoms

  • Irritation ‘strawberry cervix’
  • Vaginal discharge and pH increase to 5 (norm <4,5)

In men Trichomoniasis impact fertilty

69
Q

Trichomoniasis : Diagnosis

A

Culture (gold standard)
PCR (amplify and examine DNA)
Dipstick test

70
Q

Trichomoniasis: Treatment

A

Metronidazole (DOT)

71
Q

Metronidazole MOA:

A

Metronidazole enters cells via diffusion, Generate Nitroso free radicals

72
Q

Giardia Lamblia (Intestinalis or G.duodenalis) : life cycle

A

1) Cyst and trophozoite passed in stool [I] [D]
2) Contamination with water/food with infective CYTS [D]
3) Infective cyts ingested and excystation occurs

73
Q

What is Excystation?

A

Excystation is the releasing of trophozoites from cysts

74
Q

Giardia: Key facts

A

Reside in small intestine
Asymptomatic
Cause : acute diarrhoea

75
Q

Giardia : Morphology

A

Trophozoite - 8 flagella 2 nuclei

76
Q

Giardia: Structural details

A

Leave a deep imprent by ADHESIVE DISK (suggesting strong attachment)

77
Q

Giardiasis : Diagnosis

A

Stool examination (microscopy)

Enterotest
(Casuple on string retrieved -> scrapped

78
Q

Giardiasis: Treament

A

Metronidazole (DOT)

- Paramomycin (pregnancy

79
Q

Entamoebe histolytica: Causative agent..?
Definitive hosts…?
Transmition by…?
Resides in?

A

Amebiasis
HUmans
Faecal oral route
Resides in the colon

80
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Life cycle

A

Cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

Mature cysts ingested

can invavde the intestinall wall and travel through circulation

81
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis by microscopic detection of trophozoites in the faeces

82
Q

E.histolytica and E.dispar are morphologically indistinguishable Unless…?

A

E. histolytica have ingested RBCs (erythrophagocytosis)

83
Q

Amebiasis: Treatment

A
  • Luminal ameobicides (Paromomycin)

- Tissue amoebiasis ( Metronidazole)

84
Q

Can tetracylcine be used during pregnancy?

A

No leads to permanent discolouration of babys teeth

85
Q

All three infections (Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lambila / intestinalis and Entomoeba histolytica can be….?

And all three can be treated by:

A

Asymptomatic but can cause mild to sever symptoms or death

Metronidazole ( But in case of luminal amoebiasis treatment with luminal amebicides)

86
Q

Phases of HIV Life cycle

A

1) Attachment
2) Fusion (entry)
3) Uncoating
4) Reverse transcription
5) intergration
6) Translation
7) Assembly
8) Budding
9) Maturation

87
Q

HIV-1 Entry and Tropism

A

HIV mainily infects CD4+ T-cells - Lysing them during a productive infection

Also targets macrophages(not lysed)

88
Q

Structurehttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/8533585/cards/quick_new_card of HIV

A

Envelope (lipid bilayer - encoded by the ENV gene made of two proteings gp120 & gp41)

Gp120 plays role in cell attachment while gp41 mediates fusion of enveloped with cell membrane

2 Strans ssRNA(-)

89
Q

Properties of Viruses

A

1) Viral genomes
2) Viral genome contains the information needed for replication
3) Viral survival ensured by establishing genome in host cell
4) All virusesa re obligate intracellular parasites

90
Q

Virsues classed based on absence or presence of ….?

A

Envelope and naked viruses

Shape of caspid : Helical or icosahedral

91
Q

Viral icosahedrons can be made from…?

A

Multiple repetitios of a single gene protein (only 1 gene needed)

92
Q

Viral capsids self assemble due to which 2 rules…?

A

1) Each subunit has identical bonding contacts with neighbouring proteins
2) the proteins are linked by non-covalent bonds (rapid assembly and dissasembly)

93
Q

Function of viral capsid?

A

1) Provide protection
2) capsid is metastable (spring loaded)

3) Provides specific attachment to cell receptors(naked)

94
Q

Enveloped viruses are sensitive too…?

naked viruses are resistant too..?

A

Enveloped viruses are sensitive to dryness and heat (will not survive Gi tract

Nakid viruses : are resistant to dryness and heat (will survive GI Tract)

95
Q

Tegument is the

A

A tegument is the additional layer between the capsid and envelope

96
Q

Influenza virus binds to specific receptors on host cell…?

A

To sialic acid on respiratory epithelium

97
Q

Cell tropism

A

Specific attachement confers a preference for tissue, and a specific host range (hosts that have those specific cell types)

98
Q

Viral attachment sites..?

A

Attachment sites on host cells found in LIPID RAFTS

more rigid due to high cholesterol

99
Q

Penetration and uncoating

i) Enveloped
ii) Non-enveloped

A

i) Enveloped have fusion of viral envelope with host cells membrane followed by capsid dissasembly
ii) Non-enveloped get taken up in an endosome, endosome ph drops leading to CLATHRIn dissabemly -> capsid dissasembly

100
Q

Viral replication —> MOA

A

1) Making copies of nucleic acid
2) producing viral proteins and enzymes
3) Assembly and release virions

101
Q

Eclipse phase

A

Phase of viral nucleic acid replication

102
Q

Viral assembly :

A

After production viral proteins and nucleic acids -> Need to be assembled
Packaging on nucleic acids into capsid occurs through spontanoues self-assembly

103
Q

Viral Maturation

A

After self-assembly viruses may still be non-infectious

Matuaration may involve proteolytic cleaveage by viral proteases
HIV - gag
(Influenze A - HA)

104
Q

Viral budding

A

Newly assembled viruses released by infected cells (e.g HIV)

105
Q

Viral cell spreading can occur via…?

A

Movement of virions through apical side

Movement of virions accros baso-lateral side (Herpes)

106
Q

How do viruses cause cellular damage?

A 
- Cytopathic effects ;
Cell lysis
Cell fusion (multi-nucleated syncitia)
Transformation (Tumour viruses normal cell-> cancer cell)
DNA damage (breakage)

VPI (7 decks)

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