vovocal tract Flashcards by holly charles

Anatomy involved in breathing (2)

thorax
—>lungs
-abdomen

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diagram (1)> (a-m)

a= nasal passage
b=oral passage
c= tongue
d= lips
e= teeth
f= larynx
g=velum
h=soft palate
i= hard palate
j= nasopharynx
k=oropharnyx
l=laryngopharynx
m=epiglottis

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process of inspiration> (4)

1- EXTERNAL intercostal muscles CONTRACT
2> ribcage EXPANDS, by pulling ribs up
3> chest wall & lungs expand
4>more air enter to fill lungs

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which of inspiration/ expiration is a more passive process

inspiration=more active
expiration= more passive

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expiration process (3)

1> EXTERNAL intercostal muscles RELAX; sometimes contraction of internal
2> Ribcage is DEFLATED by pulling ribs DOWN
3> chest walls & lungs CONTRACT

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how much time is spent on inspiartion/expiration during RELAXED breathing? (/tidal breathing)

40% on inspiration
60% on expiration

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how are speech abilities affected by physiological ‘uprightedness’?

if using ribcage/ intercostal muscles to support weight (i.e. via doing press-ups), then it becomes more difficult to move them for speech breathing

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what is voicing?

continuous vibrations of the vocal folds ([s] vs [z])

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what are the vocal folds?>

muscles stretched across the larynx

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How do we achieving voicing?

By modifying the airstream that flows from our lungs through the glottis (space between vocal folds)

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how much time is spent on inspiration/experiation furing speech breathing?

-10% on inspiration
-90% on expiration

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features of speech breathing

constant small muscle movements while speaking, rather than large in-breaths & out-breaths
utilises small & controlled movements of the intercostal muscles used to control air volume in the lungs

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Diagram 2 (POA)> (a-s)

a= nasal cavity
b= oral cavity
c= tongue
d= soft palate
e= hard palate
f= teeth
g= epiglottis
h= larynx
i= upper lip
j=lower lip
k= tongue tip
l= tongue blade
m= tongue front
n= tongue back
o= tongue root
p= glottis
q= uvular
r= pharynx
s= alveolar ridge

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place of articulation=

where in the vocal tract a sound is made

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what is the place of arituclation usually named after?

the PASSIVE articulator (at which the active articulator forms a constriction)

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active articulator=

the main articulator that moves in the production of a speech sound

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passive articulator=

articulators that cannot move and the one that the active articulator moves towards

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constriction=

when two articulators come together in close approximation

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places of articulation= (9)

bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
postalveolar
retroflex
palatal
velar
glottal

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what is the pharynx?

space behind tongue root & between rear pharyngeal wall

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Active & passive articulator for BILABIAL POA>

A= bottom lip
P= upper lip

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Active & passive articulator for labiodental POA>

A= bottom lip
P= upper teeth

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Active & passive articulator for DENTAL POA>

A= tongue tip
P= upper teeth

Active & passive articulator for alveolar POA>

A= tongue tip
P= alveolar ridge

Active & passive articulator for postalveolar POA>

a= tongue tip p= (post)alveolar ridge

Active & passive articulator for PALATAL POA>

a= tongue mid/back p= hard palate

Active & passive articulator for velar POA>

a= tongue back p= velum

what does 'retroflex' mean?

tongue tip is crled back and articulates against the hard palate (i.e. [t,d] is pronounced as [ʈ ɖ] )

what does 'glottal' mean?

articulation at the glottis - vocal folds hold open (as in [h]; or closed tightly and then released as in [ʔ])

manners of articulation>

- plosive - nasal - fricative - affricative - approximant - lateral approximant

features of plosives & e.g.s

-velum is raised/closed - air cant escape through the nasal cavity - [p, b, t, d, k, g]

features of nasals & e.g.>

-velum is lowered/open - air escapes through nasal cavity - examples [n, ŋ, m]

approximants=

defined as consonant sounds but are articulated in a way similar to vowels (due to open vocal tract; no blocked airstream)

types of approximant=

voiced palatal approximant [y] voiced labiovelar approximant [w] voiced alveolar approximant [r] voiced alveolar lateral approximant [l]

lateral=

air flows around the sides of the tongue

what is V-P-M

- description of all consonant sounds via 3 part (voice place manner) - voice as--> voiced/voiceless - place as-->bilabial/dental etc - manner as-->plosive/nasal etc

V-P-M for [p]

voiceless bilabial plosive

V-P-M for [b]

voiced bilabial plosive

V-P-M for [t]

voiceless alveolar plosive

V-P-M for [s]

voiceless alveolar fricative

V-P-M for [ʃ]

voiceless postalveolar fricative

V-P-M for [f]

voiceless labiodental fricative

V-P-M for [g]

voiced velar plosive

V-P-M for [ɹ]

voiced alveolar approximant

V-P-M for [l]

voiced alveolar lateral approximant

V-P-M for [ɫ]

voiced velarised, alveolar lateral approximant

V-P-M for [ʔ]

voiceless glottal plosive

V-P-M for [ʈ]

voiceless retroflex plosive

V-P-M for [x]

voiceless velar fricative

broad vs narrow transcription>

>broad transcription includes pronunication differences that don't result in a new word (e.g. reduced vowel/dialect differences) >narrow includes this and predictable details such as aspiration of voiceless plosives & slight differences in articulation (e.g. "pin" [[pʰɪn])

levels of transcription

- citation form (very broad, dictionary-style) - broad transcription - narrow transcription - brackets

transcription- citation form>

- dictionary style proniuncation of a word (RP) - very braod phonemic transcription - (e.g. [bʌtə] )

transcription- brackets>

- angled brackets= (<>) represent orthography > e.g. letter in 'cat' - slash brackets (//) represent phonemes aka sounds that disgtinuish between words > e.g. phoneme /k/ in 'cat' - square brackets ([]) represent phones aka speech sounds & these make no assumptions about the sounds linguistic status >e.g. the sound [k] in 'cat'

phonetic transcritpion flaws>

implies speech is made up of discrete segments but this isn't true for acoustics of speech > during speech sounds are heavily co-produced & co-articulated

other ways of representing speech>

- acoustic analysis >the recording of increases & decreasing of air pressure caused by sound production >recorded via micorphone & represent in waveform >can also be represented using a spectrogram which shows the loudness of each frequency in the sound & how this changes