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LING223- English phonetics > vovocal tract > Flashcards

vovocal tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy involved in breathing (2)

A
  • thorax
    —>lungs
    -abdomen
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2
Q

diagram (1)> (a-m)

A

a= nasal passage
b=oral passage
c= tongue
d= lips
e= teeth
f= larynx
g=velum
h=soft palate
i= hard palate
j= nasopharynx
k=oropharnyx
l=laryngopharynx
m=epiglottis

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3
Q

process of inspiration> (4)

A

1- EXTERNAL intercostal muscles CONTRACT
2> ribcage EXPANDS, by pulling ribs up
3> chest wall & lungs expand
4>more air enter to fill lungs

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4
Q

which of inspiration/ expiration is a more passive process

A

inspiration=more active
expiration= more passive

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5
Q

expiration process (3)

A

1> EXTERNAL intercostal muscles RELAX; sometimes contraction of internal
2> Ribcage is DEFLATED by pulling ribs DOWN
3> chest walls & lungs CONTRACT

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6
Q

how much time is spent on inspiartion/expiration during RELAXED breathing? (/tidal breathing)

A
  • 40% on inspiration
  • 60% on expiration
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7
Q

how are speech abilities affected by physiological ‘uprightedness’?

A
  • if using ribcage/ intercostal muscles to support weight (i.e. via doing press-ups), then it becomes more difficult to move them for speech breathing
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8
Q

what is voicing?

A

continuous vibrations of the vocal folds ([s] vs [z])

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9
Q

what are the vocal folds?>

A

muscles stretched across the larynx

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10
Q

How do we achieving voicing?

A

By modifying the airstream that flows from our lungs through the glottis (space between vocal folds)

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11
Q

how much time is spent on inspiration/experiation furing speech breathing?

A

-10% on inspiration
-90% on expiration

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12
Q

features of speech breathing

A
  • constant small muscle movements while speaking, rather than large in-breaths & out-breaths
  • utilises small & controlled movements of the intercostal muscles used to control air volume in the lungs
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13
Q

Diagram 2 (POA)> (a-s)

A

a= nasal cavity
b= oral cavity
c= tongue
d= soft palate
e= hard palate
f= teeth
g= epiglottis
h= larynx
i= upper lip
j=lower lip
k= tongue tip
l= tongue blade
m= tongue front
n= tongue back
o= tongue root
p= glottis
q= uvular
r= pharynx
s= alveolar ridge

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14
Q

place of articulation=

A

where in the vocal tract a sound is made

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15
Q

what is the place of arituclation usually named after?

A

the PASSIVE articulator (at which the active articulator forms a constriction)

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16
Q

active articulator=

A

the main articulator that moves in the production of a speech sound

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17
Q

passive articulator=

A

articulators that cannot move and the one that the active articulator moves towards

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18
Q

constriction=

A

when two articulators come together in close approximation

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19
Q

places of articulation= (9)

A
  • bilabial
  • labiodental
  • dental
  • alveolar
  • postalveolar
  • retroflex
  • palatal
  • velar
  • glottal
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20
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

space behind tongue root & between rear pharyngeal wall

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21
Q

Active & passive articulator for BILABIAL POA>

A

A= bottom lip
P= upper lip

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22
Q

Active & passive articulator for labiodental POA>

A

A= bottom lip
P= upper teeth

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23
Q

Active & passive articulator for DENTAL POA>

A

A= tongue tip
P= upper teeth

24
Q

Active & passive articulator for alveolar POA>

A

A= tongue tip
P= alveolar ridge

25
Q

Active & passive articulator for postalveolar POA>

A

a= tongue tip
p= (post)alveolar ridge

26
Q

Active & passive articulator for PALATAL POA>

A

a= tongue mid/back
p= hard palate

27
Q

Active & passive articulator for velar POA>

A

a= tongue back
p= velum

28
Q

what does ‘retroflex’ mean?

A

tongue tip is crled back and articulates against the hard palate
(i.e. [t,d] is pronounced as [ʈ ɖ] )

29
Q

what does ‘glottal’ mean?

A

articulation at the glottis
- vocal folds hold open (as in [h]; or closed tightly and then released as in [ʔ])

30
Q

manners of articulation>

A
  • plosive
  • nasal
  • fricative
  • affricative
  • approximant
  • lateral approximant
31
Q

features of plosives & e.g.s

A

-velum is raised/closed
- air cant escape through the nasal cavity
- [p, b, t, d, k, g]

32
Q

features of nasals & e.g.>

A

-velum is lowered/open
- air escapes through nasal cavity
- examples [n, ŋ, m]

33
Q

approximants=

A

defined as consonant sounds but are articulated in a way similar to vowels (due to open vocal tract; no blocked airstream)

34
Q

types of approximant=

A

voiced palatal approximant [y]
voiced labiovelar approximant [w]
voiced alveolar approximant [r]
voiced alveolar lateral approximant [l]

35
Q

lateral=

A

air flows around the sides of the tongue

36
Q

what is V-P-M

A
  • description of all consonant sounds via 3 part (voice place manner)
  • voice as–> voiced/voiceless
  • place as–>bilabial/dental etc
  • manner as–>plosive/nasal etc
37
Q

V-P-M for [p]

A

voiceless bilabial plosive

38
Q

V-P-M for [b]

A

voiced bilabial plosive

39
Q

V-P-M for [t]

A

voiceless alveolar plosive

40
Q

V-P-M for [s]

A

voiceless alveolar fricative

41
Q

V-P-M for [ʃ]

A

voiceless postalveolar fricative

42
Q

V-P-M for [f]

A

voiceless labiodental fricative

43
Q

V-P-M for [g]

A

voiced velar plosive

44
Q

V-P-M for [ɹ]

A

voiced alveolar approximant

45
Q

V-P-M for [l]

A

voiced alveolar lateral approximant

46
Q

V-P-M for [ɫ]

A

voiced velarised, alveolar lateral approximant

47
Q

V-P-M for [ʔ]

A

voiceless glottal plosive

48
Q

V-P-M for [ʈ]

A

voiceless retroflex plosive

49
Q

V-P-M for [x]

A

voiceless velar fricative

50
Q

broad vs narrow transcription>

A

> broad transcription includes pronunication differences that don’t result in a new word (e.g. reduced vowel/dialect differences)
narrow includes this and predictable details such as aspiration of voiceless plosives & slight differences in articulation (e.g. “pin” [[pʰɪn])

51
Q

levels of transcription

A
  • citation form (very broad, dictionary-style)
  • broad transcription
  • narrow transcription
  • brackets
52
Q

transcription- citation form>

A
  • dictionary style proniuncation of a word (RP)
  • very braod phonemic transcription
  • (e.g. [bʌtə] )
53
Q

transcription- brackets>

A
  • angled brackets= (<>) represent orthography
    > e.g. letter <c> in 'cat'</c>
  • slash brackets (//) represent phonemes aka sounds that disgtinuish between words
    > e.g. phoneme /k/ in ‘cat’
  • square brackets ([]) represent phones aka speech sounds & these make no assumptions about the sounds linguistic status
    >e.g. the sound [k] in ‘cat’
54
Q

phonetic transcritpion flaws>

A

implies speech is made up of discrete segments but this isn’t true for acoustics of speech
> during speech sounds are heavily co-produced & co-articulated

55
Q

other ways of representing speech>

A
  • acoustic analysis
    >the recording of increases & decreasing of air pressure caused by sound production
    >recorded via micorphone & represent in waveform
    >can also be represented using a spectrogram which shows the loudness of each frequency in the sound & how this changes

LING223- English phonetics (4 decks)

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