vovocal tract Flashcards
Anatomy involved in breathing (2)
- thorax
—>lungs
-abdomen
diagram (1)> (a-m)
a= nasal passage
b=oral passage
c= tongue
d= lips
e= teeth
f= larynx
g=velum
h=soft palate
i= hard palate
j= nasopharynx
k=oropharnyx
l=laryngopharynx
m=epiglottis
process of inspiration> (4)
1- EXTERNAL intercostal muscles CONTRACT
2> ribcage EXPANDS, by pulling ribs up
3> chest wall & lungs expand
4>more air enter to fill lungs
which of inspiration/ expiration is a more passive process
inspiration=more active
expiration= more passive
expiration process (3)
1> EXTERNAL intercostal muscles RELAX; sometimes contraction of internal
2> Ribcage is DEFLATED by pulling ribs DOWN
3> chest walls & lungs CONTRACT
how much time is spent on inspiartion/expiration during RELAXED breathing? (/tidal breathing)
- 40% on inspiration
- 60% on expiration
how are speech abilities affected by physiological ‘uprightedness’?
- if using ribcage/ intercostal muscles to support weight (i.e. via doing press-ups), then it becomes more difficult to move them for speech breathing
what is voicing?
continuous vibrations of the vocal folds ([s] vs [z])
what are the vocal folds?>
muscles stretched across the larynx
How do we achieving voicing?
By modifying the airstream that flows from our lungs through the glottis (space between vocal folds)
how much time is spent on inspiration/experiation furing speech breathing?
-10% on inspiration
-90% on expiration
features of speech breathing
- constant small muscle movements while speaking, rather than large in-breaths & out-breaths
- utilises small & controlled movements of the intercostal muscles used to control air volume in the lungs
Diagram 2 (POA)> (a-s)
a= nasal cavity
b= oral cavity
c= tongue
d= soft palate
e= hard palate
f= teeth
g= epiglottis
h= larynx
i= upper lip
j=lower lip
k= tongue tip
l= tongue blade
m= tongue front
n= tongue back
o= tongue root
p= glottis
q= uvular
r= pharynx
s= alveolar ridge
place of articulation=
where in the vocal tract a sound is made
what is the place of arituclation usually named after?
the PASSIVE articulator (at which the active articulator forms a constriction)
active articulator=
the main articulator that moves in the production of a speech sound
passive articulator=
articulators that cannot move and the one that the active articulator moves towards
constriction=
when two articulators come together in close approximation
places of articulation= (9)
- bilabial
- labiodental
- dental
- alveolar
- postalveolar
- retroflex
- palatal
- velar
- glottal
what is the pharynx?
space behind tongue root & between rear pharyngeal wall
Active & passive articulator for BILABIAL POA>
A= bottom lip
P= upper lip
Active & passive articulator for labiodental POA>
A= bottom lip
P= upper teeth
Active & passive articulator for DENTAL POA>
A= tongue tip
P= upper teeth
Active & passive articulator for alveolar POA>
A= tongue tip
P= alveolar ridge
Active & passive articulator for postalveolar POA>
a= tongue tip
p= (post)alveolar ridge
Active & passive articulator for PALATAL POA>
a= tongue mid/back
p= hard palate
Active & passive articulator for velar POA>
a= tongue back
p= velum
what does ‘retroflex’ mean?
tongue tip is crled back and articulates against the hard palate
(i.e. [t,d] is pronounced as [ʈ ɖ] )
what does ‘glottal’ mean?
articulation at the glottis
- vocal folds hold open (as in [h]; or closed tightly and then released as in [ʔ])
manners of articulation>
- plosive
- nasal
- fricative
- affricative
- approximant
- lateral approximant
features of plosives & e.g.s
-velum is raised/closed
- air cant escape through the nasal cavity
- [p, b, t, d, k, g]
features of nasals & e.g.>
-velum is lowered/open
- air escapes through nasal cavity
- examples [n, ŋ, m]
approximants=
defined as consonant sounds but are articulated in a way similar to vowels (due to open vocal tract; no blocked airstream)
types of approximant=
voiced palatal approximant [y]
voiced labiovelar approximant [w]
voiced alveolar approximant [r]
voiced alveolar lateral approximant [l]
lateral=
air flows around the sides of the tongue
what is V-P-M
- description of all consonant sounds via 3 part (voice place manner)
- voice as–> voiced/voiceless
- place as–>bilabial/dental etc
- manner as–>plosive/nasal etc
V-P-M for [p]
voiceless bilabial plosive
V-P-M for [b]
voiced bilabial plosive
V-P-M for [t]
voiceless alveolar plosive
V-P-M for [s]
voiceless alveolar fricative
V-P-M for [ʃ]
voiceless postalveolar fricative
V-P-M for [f]
voiceless labiodental fricative
V-P-M for [g]
voiced velar plosive
V-P-M for [ɹ]
voiced alveolar approximant
V-P-M for [l]
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
V-P-M for [ɫ]
voiced velarised, alveolar lateral approximant
V-P-M for [ʔ]
voiceless glottal plosive
V-P-M for [ʈ]
voiceless retroflex plosive
V-P-M for [x]
voiceless velar fricative
broad vs narrow transcription>
> broad transcription includes pronunication differences that don’t result in a new word (e.g. reduced vowel/dialect differences)
narrow includes this and predictable details such as aspiration of voiceless plosives & slight differences in articulation (e.g. “pin” [[pʰɪn])
levels of transcription
- citation form (very broad, dictionary-style)
- broad transcription
- narrow transcription
- brackets
transcription- citation form>
- dictionary style proniuncation of a word (RP)
- very braod phonemic transcription
- (e.g. [bʌtə] )
transcription- brackets>
- angled brackets= (<>) represent orthography
> e.g. letter <c> in 'cat'</c> - slash brackets (//) represent phonemes aka sounds that disgtinuish between words
> e.g. phoneme /k/ in ‘cat’ - square brackets ([]) represent phones aka speech sounds & these make no assumptions about the sounds linguistic status
>e.g. the sound [k] in ‘cat’
phonetic transcritpion flaws>
implies speech is made up of discrete segments but this isn’t true for acoustics of speech
> during speech sounds are heavily co-produced & co-articulated
other ways of representing speech>
- acoustic analysis
>the recording of increases & decreasing of air pressure caused by sound production
>recorded via micorphone & represent in waveform
>can also be represented using a spectrogram which shows the loudness of each frequency in the sound & how this changes
