english vowels

Question 1

what is a muscular hydostat?>

Answer 1

• a collection of muscles with no skeletal support

Question 2

muscular hydrostat features= (3)

Answer 2

• muscle tissue is mainly made of water
• they are incredibly flexible structures and can produce a range of complex shapes
• they are incompressible> (if squeeze 1 part, another will bulge

Question 3

diagram 7- the tongue extrinsic msucles (a-f)

Answer 3

a= hyoid bone
b= mandible
c= styloglossus
d= hyoglossus
e= palatoglossus
f= genioglossus

Question 4

tongue- genioglossus role>

Answer 4

anterior= lowers & retracts front of tongue
middle & posterior= pulls tongue root forward

Question 5

palatoglossus features & role

Answer 5

like a sheet of muscle over top of tongue & attached to palate
- can be used to help elevate the tongue

Question 6

styloglossus features & role

Answer 6

• raises and pulls back the tongue

Question 7

hyoglossus role & features

Answer 7

• on side of tongue
• when contracts, this pulls tongue down and back

Question 8

models of vowel articulation= (3)

Answer 8

• the ancient model
• the tongue arch model
• the constriction locations model

Question 9

models of vowel articulation- (1) the ancient model

Answer 9

• found in 5/6th century indian texts
• features:
  >3 types of vowel:
  
  • palatal [i]like vowels
    -pharyngeal [a]-like vowels
    -labio-velar [u]-like vowels
    -first intro to concept of phonemes

Question 10

models of vowel articulation- (2) the tongue arch model (original)

Answer 10

• 2 part description:
  >tongue’s vertical position
  >tongue’s horziontal position (plus whether lips are rounded)

Question 11

vowel articulation–> cardinal vowels>

Answer 11

• a set of reference vowles
• vowels represented as points on a quadrilateral
• represent positions of highest point of the tongue during the production of each vowel

Question 12

diagram 8- cardinal vowels (a-h)

Answer 12

a= [i]
b= [e]
c= [ɛ]
d= [a]
e= [u]
f= [o]
g= [ɔ]
h=[ɑ]

Question 13

criticisms of the tongue arch model

Answer 13

• xray studies have shown that the tongue arch model incorrectly modelled tongue height
• many found that the tongue is sometimes higher for [e] than it is for [I]

Question 14

models of vowel articulation- (3) the constriction location model>

Answer 14

stronger focus on how configurations of the tongue shape the oral & pharyngeal cavities

Question 15

mova- (3) the constriction location model> 4 constriction locations

Answer 15

1- along the hard palate [i ɛ]
2- along the soft palate [u ʊ]
3- in the upper pharynx [o ɔ]
4- in the lower pharynx [a ɑ]

Question 16

oral vowels=

Answer 16

• vowels produced with complete closure of the velum
• air only travels through the oral cavity

Question 17

nasal vowels=

Answer 17

• vowels produced with a lowered or open velum
• air travels through both the oral & nasal cavities

Question 18

nasal vowels- use>

Answer 18

• phonemes in some langs
• dialectal variation in eng (e.g. american vs brit for ‘cat’–>[kæ̃t] vs [kat])
• allophonic variation in eng (e.g. vowels before nasal consonants are usually nasalised–>’can’ [kãn])

Question 19

4 methods of opening/closing the velum>

Answer 19

1- the tensor palati tense the palate
2- the ‘ciruclar method’
3- the circular with passavants ridge
4- the sagital method

Question 20

lexical set keywords=

Answer 20

a range of keywords noted in small capitals (e.g. BATH, GOAT, FLEECE) which allows us to talk about how the vowel in a particular keyword is produced by different speakers/varieties

Question 21

what are diacritics=

Answer 21

symbols used to notate small variation in the realisation of sounds