english consonants

Question 1

concave=

Answer 1

an inwards curve

Question 2

convex=

Answer 2

a curve that bugles outwards

Question 3

Diagram 8- intrinsic muscles (a-k)

Answer 3

a= tooth
b= mandible
c= transversus (lines)
d= verticalis (lines)
e= superior longitudinal (dots)
f= inferior longitudinal (dots)
g= hyoglossus (dots)
h= styloglossus (dots)
i= anterior genioglossus
j= middle genioglossus
k= posterior genioglossus
l= concave
m= convex

Question 4

IM- transversus- features>

Answer 4

• runs horizontally from centre of tongue> sides
• muscle fibres are stacked

Question 5

what happens when you contract the transversus muscle>

Answer 5

tongue narrows from side-to-side whcih can elongate & vertically thicken it

Question 6

IM-verticalis- features>

Answer 6

• consists of layered muscle fibres which are interleaved (criss-cross)

Question 7

what happens when you contract the verticalis muscle?>

Answer 7

the upper surgace of the tongue is pulled
- this can flatten the tongue & squeeze the sides outwards, whcihc flattens & widens the tongue

Question 8

IM- superior longitudinal- features>

Answer 8

• thin sheet of muscle over the top of the tongue
• fibres run along the midline from root>tip

Question 9

what happens when you contract the superior longitudinal muscle?>

Answer 9

• tongue is curled upwards for a more concave shape (retroflex)
• can also curl the sides of the tongue upwards

Question 10

IM-inferior longitudinal- features>

Answer 10

-narrow band of muscle along either side of the genioglossus

Question 11

what happens when you contract the inferior longitduinal muscle?>

Answer 11

it pulls tongue tip downards
when active–>gives tongue a convex shape

Question 12

bracing=

Answer 12

where the tongue is held in contact with a surface other than its target (primary constriction)

Question 13

medial constriction=

Answer 13

airflow is channeled along the midline of the tongue

Question 14

lateral constrictions=

Answer 14

airflow is channeled around the SIDES of the tongue

Question 15

medial constrictions- features>

Answer 15

-typically involves LATERAL bracing ([t],
[s], [l])
-tongue touches sides of the palate
and/or upper lateral teeth

Question 16

lateral constrictions- features>

Answer 16

-typically involves MEDIAL bracing (/Ə/)
- tongue touches front of the palate and/or front teeth

Question 17

advantages of bracing> (4)

Answer 17

• forces airflow through the constriction locations
• helps maintain stability& accuracy of tongue
• reduces degrees of freedom of tongue
• gives speaker feedback about tongue position

Question 18

different descriptions for types of constriction> (2)

Answer 18

• place/manner of articulation
• constriction location/degree

Question 19

location/ places> (9)

Answer 19

bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, glottal

Question 20

degree/ manners> (6)

Answer 20

nasal, plosvie, fricative, affricate, approximant, lateral approximant

Question 21

voiceless plosive aspiration in eng>

Answer 21

• <p, t, k> in word-INITIAL position are aspirated & in stressed syllables (notated using [ʰ] diacritic)
  (—>e.g. ‘pin’ [pʰɪn])
• following word-initial [s] theyre unaspirated
  (–>e.g. ‘spin’ [spɪn])

Question 22

dentalisation in eng>

Answer 22

• [d, n, l] are dentalised before dental fricatives [θ ð]
• transcribed using ̪ diacritic
  (–>e.g. tenth [tʰɛ̃n̪θ] )

Question 23

devoicing of [l] in eng>

Answer 23

• [l] can be produced with voicelessness when it occur after voiceless plosives in syllable-initial cluster
• voicelessness transcribed using ̥ diacritic
  (–>e.g. [pʰɫ̥eɪ])

Question 24

what are the ‘clear’ and ‘dark’ l’s>

Answer 24

clear l= [l]
(alveolar lateral approximant)
dark l= [ɫ]
(velarised alveolar lateral approximant)

Question 25

what are the differences in production between clear and dark l>

Answer 25

dark ‘l’ has a secondary articulation of velar contact ontop of the primary articulation

Question 26

General pattern of clear & dark <l> in southern eng></l>

Answer 26

[l] (clear) is syllable-intial
[ɫ] (dark) is syllable-final

Question 27

regional variation on c/d [l]>

Answer 27

• in manchester/leeds= dark [ɫ] in all
• in newcastle/dublin= clear [l] in all

Question 28

allophones=

Answer 28

differences in the production of a sound that doesn’t affect lexical meaning

Question 29

‘torchbearers’ of regional dialect levelling (in eng)> (4)

Answer 29

• /t/ glottaling
• TH-fronting
• /l/ vocalisation
• labiodental /r/

Question 30

/t/ glottaling>

Answer 30

replacement of /t/ in word-medial & word-final positions with a voiceless glottal plosive [ʔ].

Question 31

TH-fronting>

Answer 31

replacement of the voiceless dental fricative [θ] with a voiceless labiodental fricative [f]

Question 32

/l/ vocalisation=

Answer 32

where the /l/ is replaced by a vowel in syllable rimes
- is usally a back vowel
- often transcribed as [o] or [oʷ] & sometimes [w].
-widespread in south east (cockney & essex)

Question 33

labiodental /r/

Answer 33

when a labiodental approximant [ʋ] is used in place of an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
(sounds similar to [w])