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Psychology > Votre cerveau vous joue des tours - Albert Moukheiber > Flashcards

Votre cerveau vous joue des tours - Albert Moukheiber Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of Albert in his professional life?

A

He is a neuroscientist, psychologist, therapist, and teacher.

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2
Q

What is the main subject of cognitive sciences?

A

The main subject is understanding the human mind and behavior.

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3
Q

Which two types of thinking does Albert mention?

A

Performative and inert thinking.

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4
Q

What is an inert thought?

A

A thought that doesn’t impact one’s life significantly.

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5
Q

What is a performative thought?

A

A thought that influences behavior and decisions in daily life.

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6
Q

Give an example of performative thinking.

A

Believing you are bad at math and not applying for a math-related job.

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7
Q

What is the key difference between performative and inert thoughts?

A

Performative thoughts change behavior, inert ones do not.

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8
Q

What is the main aim of cognitive sciences?

A

To develop coherent theoretical models to explain human behavior and cognition.

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9
Q

Which researcher challenged the idea that human decisions are purely rational?

A

Herbert Simon.

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10
Q

According to cognitive science, do people use cost-benefit analysis for decisions?

A

No, decisions are often irrational and influenced by other factors.

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11
Q

What is an example of irrational decision-making according to the text?

A

Smoking despite knowing it’s harmful.

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12
Q

How do humans perceive the world according to cognitive sciences?

A

Humans perceive the world with incomplete information.

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13
Q

What is the process of filling gaps in perception called?

A

Adding a priori or previous knowledge to stabilize perception.

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14
Q

How do prior beliefs influence perception?

A

They shape how ambiguous information is interpreted.

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15
Q

What is an example of ambiguous stimuli mentioned in the talk?

A

The rotating dancer, where some see her turning clockwise and others counterclockwise.

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16
Q

What are the three levels of cognition mentioned by Albert?

A

Micro (individual), Meso (social interactions), and Macro (societal).

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17
Q

Which level of cognition was the main focus of the talk?

A

The micro level, focusing on individual cognition.

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18
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

It is a systematic error in thinking that affects decisions and judgments.

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19
Q

What is an example of cognitive bias mentioned in the talk?

A

The optimism bias, where optimistic people take more risks.

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20
Q

What is the Stroop test used for?

A

To demonstrate automatic thinking and cognitive control.

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21
Q

What happens when people are primed with certain information?

A

They tend to focus on related details, sometimes missing other important information.

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22
Q

What was the effect of the Colgate ad in the talk?

A

People focused on the teeth and missed the extra hand in the image.

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23
Q

What is the principle of ‘the map is not the territory’?

A

Our mental models of the world are simplified versions of reality.

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24
Q

What does Albert mean by ‘reality is ambiguous’?

A

Reality lacks complete information, so we fill gaps with our own beliefs and knowledge.

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25
Q

What is an example of ambiguous perception from the talk?

A

The illusion of different car sizes on a road despite them being the same.

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26
Q

Why do optical illusions work according to Albert?

A

Our brains predict and fill in information based on learned rules.

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27
Q

What does the example of the dancer illusion show about perception?

A

Perception can change based on how the brain fills in missing information.

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28
Q

How does personality relate to ambiguous stimuli?

A

Personality traits affect how people interpret ambiguous situations.

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29
Q

What is the trait of jealousy according to the talk?

A

It’s the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations with suspicion of infidelity.

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30
Q

What is the concept of social anxiety in terms of cognition?

A

It is the tendency to interpret ambiguous social cues negatively.

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31
Q

What is ‘intention-action gap’?

A

The gap between intending to do something and actually doing it.

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32
Q

What is an example of intention-action gap mentioned?

A

Procrastination, where someone intends to act but delays.

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33
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

A mental shortcut that helps make decisions more efficiently but can sometimes lead to errors.

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34
Q

What is an example of heuristic thinking in decision-making?

A

Assuming something familiar or that has worked before will work again.

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35
Q

What is a belief that drives behavior according to Albert?

A

A performative belief that changes actions, like confidence in abilities.

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36
Q

How does performative knowledge impact managers?

A

Their beliefs about human behavior influence how they lead and implement change.

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37
Q

What is the resistance to change myth mentioned?

A

The belief that people inherently resist change, which is not always true.

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38
Q

What does Albert say about the effect of pedagogy in changing opinions?

A

Pedagogy is important, but understanding and agreement are not the same.

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39
Q

What is the ‘homo economicus’ model?

A

The outdated belief that humans make decisions purely based on cost-benefit analyses.

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40
Q

Why does Albert challenge the idea of ‘homo economicus’?

A

Because human decisions are often irrational and not based solely on rational calculations.

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41
Q

Why do people often not see reality as it is?

A

Because the brain fills in missing information and makes predictions based on prior knowledge.

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42
Q

What is an example of misinterpretation from the talk?

A

The optical illusion where cars appear different sizes due to perspective.

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43
Q

What role does the brain play in perception according to Albert?

A

The brain predicts and reconstructs reality, it doesn’t just passively receive it.

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44
Q

How are social beliefs performative?

A

They shape how we interact and make decisions in social contexts.

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45
Q

What does the rotating dancer illusion demonstrate?

A

It shows how perception is not fixed and can shift based on how we interpret visual cues.

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46
Q

What are the 9 human senses according to the talk?

A

Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, proprioception, thermoception, nociception, interoception.

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47
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of body position in space.

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48
Q

What is thermoception?

A

The sense of temperature.

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49
Q

What is nociception?

A

The sense of pain or damage to the body.

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50
Q

What is interoception?

A

The sense of the internal state of the body, such as hunger or organ health.

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51
Q

What is an example of ambiguous stimuli affecting perception?

A

The rabbit-duck illusion, where the same image can be seen as either a rabbit or a duck.

52
Q

What is the significance of the phrase ‘We do not see the world as it is, but as we are’?

A

It means our perceptions are influenced by our prior experiences, beliefs, and knowledge.

53
Q

What are the three levels of thought in social cognition?

A

First-order (thoughts about oneself), second-order (thoughts about others), and third-order (thoughts about what others think of us).

54
Q

What is a second-order thought in social cognition?

A

A thought about what someone thinks of someone else.

55
Q

How does social anxiety affect interpretation of ambiguous social cues?

A

It leads to interpreting neutral or unclear cues as negative or judgmental.

56
Q

What does Albert mean by the term ‘heuristics’?

A

Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to simplify decision-making.

57
Q

Why is ‘heuristics’ important in daily decision-making?

A

They allow faster decision-making but can sometimes lead to mistakes or biases.

58
Q

What is the optimism bias?

A

The tendency to expect positive outcomes, which can sometimes lead to risky behavior.

59
Q

What is an example of how the optimism bias can backfire?

A

In a casino, an optimistic person may keep betting, believing they will eventually win.

60
Q

What does ‘intention-action gap’ refer to in everyday life?

A

The failure to act on good intentions, like procrastination or failing to exercise.

61
Q

What is the purpose of the Stroop test?

A

It demonstrates how automatic and controlled processes interact in the brain.

62
Q

What does Albert say about human memory?

A

Human memory is fragmented, and the brain fills in gaps to create coherent narratives.

63
Q

What role does context play in decision-making according to Albert?

A

Context, including stress and environment, influences how decisions are made.

64
Q

What is a bias of anchoring?

A

Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.

65
Q

What is a framing effect?

A

The way information is presented can influence decision-making, such as emphasizing losses or gains.

66
Q

What is an example of a framing effect from the talk?

A

The popcorn pricing example, where introducing a mid-priced option changed consumer choices.

67
Q

What is the ‘architecture of choice’?

A

Structuring information in a way that influences the choices people make.

68
Q

Why is the concept of ‘cognitive bias’ important in understanding human behavior?

A

Because cognitive biases show how our thinking is influenced by mental shortcuts and context.

69
Q

What is a practical application of cognitive biases in marketing?

A

Using the framing effect to influence consumer decisions, such as pricing strategies.

70
Q

What does Albert mention about social beliefs and workplace culture?

A

Shared social beliefs or ‘a priori’ assumptions can create a common understanding in workplace culture.

71
Q

What does ‘proprioception’ enable humans to do?

A

It allows humans to know the position and movement of their body parts without looking at them.

72
Q

What is the difference between intuition and perception?

A

Intuition is a form of cognition, while perception is based on sensory input.

73
Q

What is a ‘stimuli ambiguous bistable’ example?

A

The rotating dancer, which can be seen spinning in two different directions.

74
Q

What is the purpose of understanding cognitive biases in decision-making?

A

To make more informed choices by recognizing where thinking may be influenced by biases.

75
Q

What does Albert say about how humans predict the world?

A

Our brains are constantly predicting the world based on previous experiences and learned rules.

76
Q

What is a ‘stimuli ambiguous multistable’?

A

A stimulus that can be interpreted in multiple ways, like reality, which can be stabilized in various ways.

77
Q

What is the role of prior beliefs in stabilizing perception?

A

They help fill in missing information and shape how we perceive ambiguous situations.

78
Q

Why does Albert argue against the idea that perception is purely passive?

A

Because the brain is actively predicting and interpreting information, not just receiving it.

79
Q

What is an example of how humans do not perceive the full spectrum of reality?

A

Humans cannot see the full light spectrum or hear certain sound frequencies.

80
Q

What is the role of cognitive biases in organizational decision-making?

A

They can influence how managers and teams interpret information and make decisions.

81
Q

What is the significance of ‘cognitive dissonance’ in decision-making?

A

It refers to the discomfort one feels when holding conflicting beliefs or when behavior doesn’t align with beliefs.

82
Q

What example of cognitive dissonance does Albert give in the talk?

A

Smokers justifying smoking despite knowing it is harmful.

83
Q

What is the ‘confirmation bias’?

A

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs.

84
Q

Why is the ‘availability heuristic’ important in decision-making?

A

It leads people to make decisions based on information that is readily available in their memory, rather than all relevant data.

85
Q

What does the term ‘illusion of confidence’ refer to?

A

The overestimation of one’s knowledge or abilities in decision-making.

86
Q

What is the ‘Dunning-Kruger effect’?

A

A cognitive bias where people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.

87
Q

Why does Albert emphasize the role of ‘a priori’ in stabilizing reality?

A

Because past experiences and learned knowledge are used to fill gaps in incomplete information.

88
Q

What is ‘metacognition’?

A

It is thinking about one’s own thinking processes, such as recognizing cognitive biases.

89
Q

How does ‘loss aversion’ affect decision-making?

A

People are more motivated to avoid losses than to achieve equivalent gains.

90
Q

What example does Albert give of how framing affects decision-making?

A

People prefer certain options when gains are emphasized but take more risks when losses are highlighted.

91
Q

What are ‘self-fulfilling prophecies’ in decision-making?

A

Beliefs that influence actions in ways that make the belief come true.

92
Q

What does Albert say about how culture influences decision-making?

A

Culture provides shared a priori assumptions that influence how people interpret ambiguous situations.

93
Q

What is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy in the workplace?

A

A manager believing an employee is unmotivated may treat them as such, leading to reduced performance.

94
Q

What does Albert say about rationalization in decision-making?

A

People often create justifications to resolve cognitive dissonance, such as with smoking.

95
Q

Why is the ‘sunk cost fallacy’ significant in decision-making?

A

It causes people to continue a behavior due to previously invested resources, even if it’s not beneficial.

96
Q

What is the difference between performative and intuitive psychology?

A

Performative psychology involves beliefs that influence behavior, while intuitive psychology relies on gut feelings.

97
Q

How do heuristics help in decision-making?

A

They provide quick, efficient shortcuts to make decisions but can lead to errors or biases.

98
Q

What role do emotions play in decision-making according to Albert?

A

Emotions can trigger automatic responses, which may override rational thought.

99
Q

What is ‘proprioception’?

A

The sense that allows people to perceive the position and movement of their body parts.

100
Q

What does Albert mean by ‘top-down perception’?

A

It refers to the brain’s role in predicting and filling in gaps in sensory information based on prior knowledge.

101
Q

What does Albert say about how people perceive time?

A

People’s perception of time is influenced by their expectations and context.

102
Q

What is the purpose of experiments in cognitive sciences?

A

To test and develop theoretical models that explain human behavior and perception.

103
Q

What does ‘systematic desensitization’ refer to in psychology?

A

A therapeutic technique used to reduce fear or anxiety through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.

104
Q

What does Albert emphasize about how the brain processes visual information?

A

The brain actively predicts what it sees, rather than passively processing everything in real-time.

105
Q

What are ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ processing?

A

Top-down involves using prior knowledge to interpret stimuli, while bottom-up is processing sensory input directly from the environment.

106
Q

How does ‘attention’ function according to Albert?

A

Attention is limited and selective, meaning we only focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others.

107
Q

What role does ‘prediction’ play in human perception?

A

The brain constantly predicts and fills in gaps in sensory information, which helps make sense of the world.

108
Q

What does ‘bounded rationality’ mean in decision-making?

A

It means that people make decisions based on limited information and cognitive resources.

109
Q

Why do optical illusions work, according to Albert?

A

Because the brain applies learned rules to predict what it sees, which can sometimes lead to incorrect perceptions.

110
Q

What does ‘anchoring bias’ refer to in cognitive science?

A

The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.

111
Q

What is the ‘halo effect’ in social cognition?

A

The tendency to let a positive impression of a person in one area influence opinions in other areas.

112
Q

What does Albert say about ‘self-awareness’ in decision-making?

A

Self-awareness helps individuals recognize cognitive biases and automatic responses.

113
Q

How do humans handle uncertainty according to Albert?

A

Humans cope with uncertainty by using heuristics and cognitive biases to fill in gaps and make decisions.

114
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit memory involves conscious recall of facts, while implicit memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.

115
Q

What is ‘cognitive load’ in decision-making?

A

The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory, which affects decision-making capacity.

116
Q

What is an example of ‘cognitive load’ affecting behavior?

A

Multitasking, where high cognitive load makes it harder to perform tasks efficiently.

117
Q

What is ‘inattentional blindness’?

A

The failure to notice something in plain sight due to focusing attention elsewhere.

118
Q

What example does Albert give of ‘inattentional blindness’?

A

The example of people not noticing a barrier rising and falling in the visual experiment.

119
Q

What is ‘cognitive flexibility’?

A

The ability to adapt thinking in response to new information or changing circumstances.

120
Q

Why is ‘cognitive flexibility’ important in decision-making?

A

It allows people to adjust their strategies when faced with unexpected challenges or new information.

121
Q

What is the relationship between ‘perception’ and ‘decision-making’?

A

Perception provides the sensory input, while decision-making involves interpreting that input to guide actions.

122
Q

What is the significance of the ‘bystander effect’?

A

It refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help when others are present.

123
Q

What does Albert say about ‘social cognition’?

A

Social cognition involves how we perceive, interpret, and react to the social behaviors of others.

124
Q

What is ‘priming’ in cognitive science?

A

Priming is when exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus.

125
Q

What example of ‘priming’ does Albert give in the talk?

A

The Colgate ad, where viewers focused on teeth due to being primed, missing other details like the extra hand.

Psychology (13 decks)

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