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Neuro 2 > Vosko- Review of Neuroscience, Deck 2 > Flashcards

Vosko- Review of Neuroscience, Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mesencephalon: Midbrain

A

(Following the eyes and ears)

Contains inferior and superior colliculi
Auditory
Eye control (TRACKING, not all things visual; a lesion here –> still can see)

Contains VTA and substantia nigra: Dopamine centers in the brain

Contains Crus Cerebri (Cerebral Peduncles)

Contains Periaqueductal Grey (Pain modulation)

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2
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

when the substantia nigra ceases to function as it should; substantia nigra is a midbrain portion that feeds into the basal ganglia

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3
Q

Metencephalon: Pons

A

(The bridge of the brain)

Contains:
Locus ceruleus
Micturition center (involuntary clearance)
Cranial nerve nuclei
Reticular Formation

Usually will find 3 cranial nerve nuclei at this location. V, VI, little bit of VII

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4
Q

Metecephalon: Cerebellum

A

(The CNS Quality Control Dept.)

hemispheres (regulates coordinated movements like walking), vermis (spinocerebellum- regulates posture. All those terrible pathways are here), and the ancient flocculonodular lobe (vestibular cerebellum: regulates metrics of eye tracking)

Receives unconscious, proprioceptive input
Coordinates complex movements
Measures muscle positions relative to targets
Responsible for normal gait and posture

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5
Q

Myelencephalon: Medulla

A

(Vital function controls housed here)

Respiratory center
Cardiac center
Consciousness center
Pathway for all ascending and descending info from the spinal cord
Contains cranial nerve nuclei

reticular are responsible for keeping you out of a coma

CN VII, IX, X and XII

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6
Q

nissel and silver stains

A

Nissel stains gray matter

silver stains white matter

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7
Q

Spinal cord anatomical features: The Bell-Magendie Law

A

dorsal horns- sensory

ventral horns- motor

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8
Q

Dorsal columns

A

white matter of spinal cord

inside the dorsal funniculus

ascending basic tactile and conscious proprioceptive information

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9
Q

Lateral funniculus/ anterior funiculus

A

White matter of spinal cord

gemisch of both motor and sensory information, both up and down

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10
Q

Lamina II

A

substantia gelatinosa

Modulates transmission of pain and temperature information

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11
Q

Lamina VII

A

has clarke’s nucleus (posterior spinocerebellar tract cells),

intermediolateral column (has preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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12
Q

Lamina IX

A

all of lower motor neurons sit here.

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13
Q

two enlargements in the spinal cord

A

lumbar enlargement: huge ventral horns to innervate the legs

cervical enlargement: in part, lower motor neurons going to fingers, but also has a lot of white matter (ratio of white to gray matter is largest here)

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14
Q

conus medullaris level

A

L2

caudal to that we can take a spinal tap

around the conus medullaris is where we start to see the cauda equina

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15
Q

shapes of the spinal cord

A

cervical– looks oval

thoracic– tiny, little love handles that are the IML (intermedial lateral cell column)

lumbar– giant ventral horns, very round

sacral– like lumbar but much smaller

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16
Q

dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

A

how we localize basic touch and conscious proprioception

Info travelling either in the fasciculus cuneatus (info from upper part of body) or the fasciculus gracilis (more central- stuff from lower part of body)

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17
Q

Someone grabbing your left hand

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus pathway

activating a mechanical receptor

a primary sensory afferent neuron: pseudounipolar. Brushes by dorsal horn without entering gray matter; ascends up through the cord to synapse on the Nucleus Cuneatus.

2nd order neurons go through internal arcuate fasciculus and decussate

ascends through medial lemniscus to 3rd order neuron in VPL of thalamus: sends its axon into the primary somatosensory cortex to receive info from contralateral side of the body

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18
Q

someone grabbing your right foot

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus pathway

activating a mechanical receptor

a primary sensory afferent neuron: pseudounipolar. Brushes by dorsal horn without entering gray matter; ascends up through the cord to synapse on the Nucleus Gracilis.

2nd order neurons go through internal arcuate fasciculus and decussate

ascends through medial lemniscus to 3rd order neuron in VPL of thalamus: sends its axon into the primary somatosensory cortex to receive info from contralateral side of the body

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19
Q

Anterolateral system/ spinothalamic

A

= neothalamic

carry pain, temp, light touch (crude, not well localized)

uses slower conducting axons (smaller)

synapses happen in the spinal cord and in the VPL of thee thalamus

20
Q

Pain on the hand

A

free nerve ending (major pain receptor)

pseudounipolar neuron, goes through early lamina into spinal cord. First synapse here.

  • 2nd order neuron decussates right away in anterior white commissure. Fibers settle in lateral region of the spinal cord and ascends up to the VPL of the thalamus.
21
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

transmit unconscious proprioception of the body.

Most of these are 2-neuron pathways and ipsilateral. No thalamus involved (unconscious)

Divided into fine and gross

Fine- C and D:

  • Cuneocereballar (upper body)
  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar (lower body)

Gross– entire limb:

Ventral spinocerebellar (does a double decussation)
Rostral spinocerebellar (we don't care about this)
22
Q

Cuneo relates to

A

upper body

23
Q

cerebellar pathway from the upper limb

A

muscle spindle
pseudounipolar neuron
no synapse; travels through fasciculus cuneatus (hitching a ride) until the lateral cuneatus (accessory/ external cuneate nucleus)- synapse.

Through cerebellar peduncle into the cerebellum.

all other cerebellar pathways will synapse in the cord, in Lamina VII (Clarke’s Nucleus)

24
Q

most input to the cerebellum goes through

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

the one exception is the ventral spinocerebellar, it goes through the superior peduncle

25
Q

mossy fibers

A

2nd order neurons after they get into the cerebellum.

They synapse on granule cell –> synapse on purkinje cells –> synapse on deep cerebellar nuclei

26
Q

Ventral trigeminothalamic tract

A

sensation of the face- pain and temp pathway + ear info on VII, IX and X

free nerve ending neuron- CN V- descends to spinal trigeminal nucleus –> synapse, decussate, ascends to VPM, –> synapse to Primary somatosensory cortex

27
Q

Trigeminal nerve- goes to 3 parts

A

midbrain
pons
down to medulla

28
Q

Lateral movement of head activates the

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Head moves to the right, eyes move to the left

This is the vestibulo ocular reflex (VOR)

29
Q

The VOR also affects gaze in the upward/downward direction, uses the

A

riMLF, the bilateral elevator muscles, ipsilateral inferior rectus, and contralateral superior oblique

30
Q

Right head turn activates

A

Left abducens (via decussation)

Double decussation causes ipsilateral (Right) oculomotor nucleus to be activated

31
Q

what innervates the muscles of the face and throat?

A

corticobulbar projections

at level of eyes and higher, as well as throat– bilaterally

lower half of the face– contralateral innervation

32
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

originates around M1 (primary motor cortex)

descends through corono radiata, internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, medullary pyramids–> decussate

synapse in lamina IX, leave through ventral root to muscle.

Cortico-bulbo-spinal pathway

Collaterals come off that pathway about level of pons, synapse bilaterally and go to face above eyes’’

a different pathway has a decussation and goes to face below eyes

33
Q

A combination of pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways control skeletal muscle

A

Lateral Corticospinal

Anterior Corticospinal- bilateral, posture

Tectospinal- coordinating movements of head neck etc. at the same time. Contralateral.

Rubrospinal- decussates. Seems to be involve with flexion of hands/ thumbs.

Reticulospinal- ipsilateral, supplemental.

Vestibulospinal- ipsilateral, supplemental

34
Q

Anterior spinal syndrome

A

all you have left is basic touch

35
Q

ALS

A

first: upper motor neurons die (positive Babinski sign, spastic paralysis). Next: lower moter neurons die. (flaccid paralysis, areflexia, no Babinski sign)

36
Q

Brown sequard syndrome

A

spinal cord injury on one side. Basic tactile sensation- ipsilateral deficiency. Corticospinals have already decussated, so ipsilateral motor control. Contralateral deficit in pain and temperature. Some pain fibers trying to cross at this level will not be able to, so on that particular level you will have bilateral pain and temp deficit.

37
Q

Basal Ganglia- indirect pathway

A

inhibition pathway

Motor cortext activates the striatum via glutamate –> Globus Pallidus External inactivation via GABA–> Disinhibits subthalamic nucleus via decreased GABA–> more glutamate to globus pallidus internal (more GABA to Thalamus)–> less excitatory signal to motor cortex.

38
Q

Basal Ganglia- direct pathway

A

movement pathway

Motor cortex –> excitatory signal via glutamate. Activates Striatum (caudate + putamen, GABA-ergic–> inactivates Globus Pallidus Internal –> disinhibited signal (less GABA) to Thalamus –> motor cortex. (circuit going)

Substantia nigra pars compacta releases Dopamine onto the Striatum– gives us the oomph we need to get everything to go smoothly. (Parkinson’s–lose this)

Substantia nigra pars reticulata does eye movement instead of the GPI

39
Q

huntington’s disease

A

indirect pathway of basal ganglia is damaged; can’t stop the movements.

40
Q

visual pathway

A

rods and cones (receptors on retina) release neurotransmitter on bipolar cells –> retinal ganglion cells (first action potential takes place). Parvocellular is for fine detail, Magnocellular for overall shape, etc.–> lateral geniculate–> primary visual cortex

EACH LGN contains fibers from BOTH EYES.

Each LGN has 4 layers of parvocellular pathway and 2 layers of magnocellular

41
Q

Visual fields sent to contralateral brain

A

left visual fields of both eyes go to the right ride of the retina and then to the right side of the brain.

decussation happens in optic chiasm

42
Q

damage in fovea of retina

A

–> scotoma (loss of center of visual field)

like macular degeneration, MS,

43
Q

compression/ damage at optic chiasm –>

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

44
Q

lesion in optic tract (say, on the right side)

A

–> loss of the entire left visual field

45
Q

quadrantanopsia

A

pie in the sky

loss of the superior or inferior quadrant of one visual field (this happens after the optic chiasm, and inferior fibers carry superior quadrant information)

46
Q

fall down on occipital pole –>

A

lose foveal represenation of visual fields on both sides (bilateral scotoma)

Neuro 2 (15 decks)

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