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Neuro 2 > Vosko- Review of Neuroscience > Flashcards

Vosko- Review of Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

one cell’s axon acts on another cell’s

A

dendrite

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2
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

myelinates axons in the CNS

kind of glial cell

Its cousin in the PNS is the schwann cell

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3
Q

End of the axon that makes contact with the dendrite =

A

bouton

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4
Q

gray vs white matter

A

Gray matter: neurons, dedrites, synapses. Protoplasmic astrocytes

microglia (are in both)

White matter: axons that are myelinated, fibrous astrocytes

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5
Q

Neurons, dendrites, synapses

A

are in the gray matter

collect, integrate, transmit information; syntehsize macromolecules

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6
Q

Axons

A

are in the white matter (myelinated)

conduct information

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7
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

white and gray matter

form myelin sheaths

shwann cells do this in the PNS

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8
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes

A

in gray matter

  • provide mechanical (blood-brain barrier) and metabolic support, response to injury
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9
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

in white matter

  • provide mechanical (blood-brain barrier) and metaolic support, response to injury
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10
Q

microglia

A

gray (and white) matter

phagocytosis, response to injury

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11
Q

ependymal cells

A

in the walls of the ventricles

line ventricles and choroid plexus, secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Embryology: vesicles

A

3 vesicle stage: Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Pros becomes Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Mes stays the same
Rhombencephalon becomes the metencephalon and teh myencephalon

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13
Q

What do the 5 embryologic vesicles become?

A

Telencephalon–> cerebral cortex, basal ganglia

Diencephalon –> Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Mesencephalon –> Midbrain

Metencephalon –> cerebellum, pons

Myelencephalon –> Medulla

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14
Q

cranial nerves derive from

A

neural crest

around axis of neural tube

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15
Q

1-1-2-2-6 mnemonic

A

Remember the embryologic vesicles– and how many cranial nerves come from each

Telencephalon: I.
Diencephalon: II
Mesencephalon: III and IV
Metencephalon: V. and VI
Myelencephalon: VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
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16
Q

ventricle relationship to embryologic vesicles

A

Lateral ventricle- Telencephalon

Third ventricle- diencephalon

future cerebral aqueduct- mesencephalon (no choroid plexus but yes to all the others)

Fourth ventricle- met and myelencephalon

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17
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

motor control and metacognitive (decision, personality, emotional control, pattern finding)

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18
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • is the precentral gyrus

mostly contralateral

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19
Q

where is broca’s area?

A

inferior frontal gyrus

Broca’s aphasia: trouble constructing words

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20
Q

function of the gyrus rectus and the orbital gyri

A

have to do with the olfactory system

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21
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe: postcentral gyrus

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22
Q

superior parietal lobule

A

involved with imagining things in space

23
Q

supramarginal gyrus associated with

A

steriognosis

24
Q

angular gyrus associated with

A

speech understanding pathways

25
Q

posterior paracentral lobule

A

legs and feet sensation

26
Q

ACA occlusion –>

A

anterior and posterior paracentral lobule affected

27
Q

MCA occlusion–>

A

precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus affected (upper parts of the body)

28
Q

precuneus involved with

A

dorsal stream (tells us about movement of objects but not detail)

29
Q

ventral stream

A

related to detail, color, faces

goes down into the temporal lobe

30
Q

Temporal lobe

A

the “what” lobe

has superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

31
Q

primary auditory cortex located where?

A

superior temporal gyrus, on the dorsal surface

left lateral one has wernicke’s area

32
Q

wernicke’s aphasia –>

A

can say lots of words that don’t make sense together

word salad

= fluent aphasia.

Broca’s aphasia = nonfluent aphasia

33
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

= occipitotemporal gyrus

“Jennifer Aniston”- we remember specific faces

34
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

divides the occipital lobe into dorsal and ventral parts

cuneus- info related to inferior visual field (flipped)
lingual gyrus- info related to superior visual field

calcarine sulcus defines the primary visual cortex on either side of it

35
Q

Limbic lobes major areas

A

cingulate gyrus- higher order emotional processing, surrounds the corpus collosum

becomes continuous with parahippocampal gyrus, which leads right into the hippocampus.

Parahippocampal gyrus connected to uncus, which is connected to the amygdala.

36
Q

Basal ganglia

A

at the center of the telencephalon: it’s a recursive circuit adding connectivity and continuity to stereotyped behaviors (smooth movements)

Made up of caudate nucleus and putamen and globus pallidus

37
Q

caudate and putamen together

A

= striatum

associate this with the basal ganglia!

38
Q

globus pallidus and putamen together

A

= lentiform nucleus

associate this with the basal ganglia!

39
Q

the pons connects the

A

brainstem to the cerebellum

40
Q

diencephalon is composed of

A

thalamus and hypothalamus (2 main parts)

41
Q

midbrain composed of

A

tectum (roof) and tegmentum (basement)

these are to be associated with ventricle. But the roof is only in the midbrain

42
Q

medulla consists of

A

tegmentum and the medullary pyramids (white matter)

43
Q

cerebellum

A

center is the vermis, the sides are the hemispheres

44
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus

A

(the switchboard operator of the CNS)

31 nuclei comprise thalamus

Most separated by internal medullary lamina
- Thin, curved sheet of myelinated fibers

Separated into three divisions

  • Anterior
  • Medial (or “dorsomedial”)
  • Lateral
  • – Dorsal
  • – Ventral
45
Q

VPM and VPL

A

(THALAMUS)

VPM- ventral posteromedial nucleus
VPL- ventral posterolateral nucelus

associated with ascending information
VPL- of the body
VPM- of the face

46
Q

VA and VL

A

(THALAMUS)

ventral anterior and ventral lateral- remember the basal ganglia pathways

47
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

(THALAMUS)

responsible for auditory info

48
Q

lateral geniculate

A

(THALAMUS)

visual information

49
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

(THALAMUS)

centromedian and parafascicular

associate these with PAIN pathways

50
Q

thalamic reticular nuclei

A

sit outside the thalamus, release GABA and prevent info from going up.

51
Q

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

A

Unlike the thalamus (where you’re memorizing a phonebook), hypothalamic nuclei follow patterns:

  • Anterior (parasympathetic- called “optic” in some way) v. posterior (sympathetic- have the name posterior or mammillary in them)
  • Neuroendocrine output vs. autonomic output
  • Also, bi-directional circuitry
52
Q

hypothalamus: Paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus

A

have to do with the posterior pituitary activation (they are the neurohypophysis)-

53
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

master circadian rhythm generator

Neuro 2 (15 decks)

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