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BDS1 BAMS: Locomotor System > Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of movement?

A
  1. Involuntary actions - reflexes
  2. Semi-automatic actions e.g. CPGs in breathing
  3. Voluntary actions
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2
Q

Describe features of voluntary actions

A
  • Self-initiated
  • Purposeful: goal directed
  • Learned
  • Improved with practice
  • Adaptable
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3
Q

Describe features of semi-automatic actions

A
  • ‘Voluntary’; but you don’t have to think about them
  • Often, they are repeated movement sequences
  • Appear stereotyped but are very adaptable
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4
Q

What are some examples of semi-automatic actions?

A

Walking, breathing, chewing

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5
Q

What are central pattern generators (CPGs)?

A

Neuronal circuits that produce rhythmic motor actions in the absense of sensory input

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6
Q

What drives semi-automatic actions?

A
  • May be driven by CPGs

- CPGs are specific to the the action they initiate/maintain

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7
Q

Which components are involved in voluntary movement that are not involved in reflexes?

A
  • Recruitment and influences from subcortical areas (thalamus, basal ganglia)
  • Also higher processing in cortical areas
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8
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

Map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different parts of the body

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9
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus (motor neurons here)

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10
Q

What effect(s) can injury/lesion to the spinal cord have on sensory and motor functions?

A
  • Can affect ability to perceive sensory information or to initiate voluntary movement
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11
Q

What is the corticobulbar pathway?

A

Descending pathway that innervates several cranial nerves

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12
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves does the corticobulbar pathway directly innervate?

A

Corticobulbar pathway directly innervates the nuclei of the following cranial nerves:

  • Trigeminal (V)
  • Facial (VII)
  • Vagus (X)
  • Hypoglossal (XII)
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13
Q

What does CN V3 innervate?

A

Muscles of mastication

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14
Q

What does CN VII innervate?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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15
Q

What does CN X innervate?

A

Soft palate, pharynx, larynx

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16
Q

What does CN XII innervate?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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17
Q

Describe the corticobulbar pathway

A
  • Neurons project from motor cortex through the internal capsule of the brain and down through the brainstem
  • Activates lower motor neurons in the brainstem
  • Lower motor neurons target motor nuclei for CN V, CN VII, CN X and CN XII.
  • These cranial nerves innervate specific muscle groups resulting in contraction
  • Innervate muscle groups on both sides of the body
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18
Q

What is the corticospinal pathway?

A

Descending pathway that innervates spinal nerves

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19
Q

Describe the corticospinal pathway

A
  • Upper motor neurons descend axons down through the internal capsule of the brain and down through the brainstem
  • As they progress down, at the level of the medulla, 85% of these axons cross over to the opposite side of the body
  • This is called pyramidal decussation
  • Motor pathways typically innervate opposite side of body
20
Q

What can damage to descending pathways cause?

A

Paralysis or palsy

Nature of palsy depends on location of lesion

21
Q

Describe the effects of damage to lower motor neurons

A
  • Nerve injury e.g. polio
    Inability to initiate any type of muscle contraction
  • Won’t be able to initiate reflex responses or voluntary responses
22
Q

Describe the effects of damage to upper motor neurons

A
  • Corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract

- Doesn’t impact upon ability to generate reflex response as this occurs at spinal level

23
Q

What does damage to the insular cortex affect?

A

Emotion, perception and motor control

24
Q

Describe Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Unilateral event
  • Dysfunction of CN VII
  • Unsure of underlying causes; may be an inflammatory response
  • Dissipates within 2 weeks on its own
  • No treatment required
25
Q

Where do pathways to motor neurons that control distal muscles (hands, feet, lower half of the face and tongue) originate from?

A

Opposite side of the brain

26
Q

Which motor neurons receive bilateral cortical commands?

A

Motor neurons controlling muscles of the upper half of the face

27
Q

Where are upper motor neurons located?

A

Motor cortex

28
Q

Where are lower motor neurons located?

A

Brainstem/spinal cord

29
Q

What can cause damage to upper motor neurons?

A

Stroke

30
Q

What can cause damage to lower motor neurons?

A

Nerve injury, viral infection (polio)

31
Q

Where do additional descending motor projections arise from and what do they do?

A
  • Arise from various areas of the cerebrum and brainstem e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem
  • Serve to co-ordinate movement
  • Help maintain posture/balance
  • Help integrate the actions of several muscles
32
Q

What do descending motor projections arising from various areas of the cerebrum and brainstem do?

A
  • Co-ordinate movement
  • Maintain posture/balance
  • Integrate actions of several muscles
33
Q

What is the basal ganglia comprised of?

A

Several interconnected sub-cortical nuclei

34
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A
  • Influences/regulates output from the motor cortex

- Acts to initiate actions and to switch from one action to another

35
Q

What are the 5 interconnected sub-cortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia?

A
  • Body of caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Thalamus
  • Substantia Nigra
36
Q

What is the corpus striatum composed of?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

37
Q

Which disorder does damage to the substantia nigra result in?

A

Parkinson’s disease

38
Q

Which disorder does damage to the striatum result in?

A

Huntington’s disease

39
Q

Name 2 basal ganglia disorders

A

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

40
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Hypokinetic disorder (decreased movements)
  • Resting tremor
  • Poverty of movement
  • Mask-like face
  • Difficulty initiating movemnts
  • Dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra
41
Q

What is ‘paralysis agitans’?

A

Resting tremor - another term for Parkinson’s disease

42
Q

Describe Huntington’s disease (chorea)

A
  • Hyperkinetic disorder (increased movements)
  • Excessive, uncontrolled movements
  • Imbalance of neurotransmitters - decreased levels of GABA
43
Q

What is the cerebellum important for?

A
  • Co-ordinating movement
  • Regulates the actions of antagonistic muscle groups
  • Important in maintaining balance - receives inputs from proprioceptor
  • Acts to compare actual performance with what is intended
44
Q

Describe cerebellar disorders

A
  • Characterised by loss of co-ordination
  • Unsteady gait (ataxia)
  • Imprecise actions
  • Inability to co-ordinate alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles
  • Intention tremor (resting tremor in Parkinson’s)
45
Q

Which reflexes are important in maintaining posture?

A

Stretch reflexes mediated by muscle spindles

46
Q

What effect do correcting actions have on posture?

A

Correcting actions help keep the position of the head in line with the body’s centre of gravity

47
Q

What do motor projections from the basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem do?

A
  • Co-ordinate movements
  • Maintain posture/balance
  • Help integrate actions of several muscles

BDS1 BAMS: Locomotor System (7 decks)

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