Locomotion Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Provides our basic shape
- Provides support for the body
- Allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
- Protection of vital organs
What are the 2 functional parts of the skeleton?
- Axial sleleton (head, neck, trunk)
2. Appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle)
What is cartilage?
- Resilient, semirigid connective tissue
- In areas for flexibility
- Articular cartilage reduces friction
- Avascular
What are the functions of bone?
- Support
- Protection
- Mechanical basis (leverage/locomotion)
- Storage
- New cells
What are the 2 types of bone?
Compact (cortical) and spongey (cancellous) bone
What is spongey bone also known as?
Cancellous bone
What are compact and spongey bone distinguished from each other?
By the amount of solid matter and size of space
Describe the features of compact bone
- Strength for weight bearing
- ## In long bones it is found in the middle of the shaft
What are some of the elevations found on long bones?
Ridges, crests and tubercles
where nerves and blood vessels run over each other, and where muscles are attached
What shape are long bones?
Tubular
What shape are short bones?
Cuboidal (tarsus, carpus)
What is the function of flat bones?
Protective function
What are some examples of long bones?
Tibia, fibia
What are some examples of cuboidal bones
Tarsus, carpus
What shape are bones mostly in the face?
Irregular
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
What is a sesamoid bone?
Little bone that sits inside a tendon
What is a condyle?
A rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
What is a foramen?
An opening/hole in bone
What is a trochanter in bone anatomy?
Muscles attach to this
What is abduction (in locomotion)?
Moving away from the body e.g. upper limb moving outwards
What is adduction (in locomotion)?
Movement towards the body e.g. upper limb moving inwards
What is circumduction of the upper limb?
Moving the arms like a windmill (360 degrees)
What does circumduction of the lower limb allow?
Allows you to change direction when walking
What is eversion of the feet?
Turning feet outwards
What is inversion of the feet?
Turning feet inwards
Which joints are most stable?
Hip and knee joints
Which muscles are active when standing at ease?
A few of the back and lower limb muscles
What process ensures that the body doesn’t fall forwards when standing still?
Tonic contraction of back muscles
What does 60% of walking involve?
The lower limb on the floor
This is the stance phase
How often does the lower limb come off the ground when walking?
40% of the time (swing phase)
What do the lower limbs act as when walking?
A brake system (walking is controlled falling)
Which muscles contract when stepping forward?
Muscles at the front of the leg contract, muscles at bum also contract
What is the ‘gait’ cycle?
The walking cycle
60% of the time, lower limbs on the ground. 40% of the time, lower limb comes off the ground.
What are the 2 ‘phases’ of the gait cycle?
Stance phase (60%) Swing phase (40%)
