Locomotion

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

• Provides our basic shape
• Provides support for the body
• Allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
• Protection of vital organs

Question 2

What are the 2 functional parts of the skeleton?

Answer 2

1. Axial sleleton (head, neck, trunk)

2. Appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle)

Question 3

What is cartilage?

Answer 3

• Resilient, semirigid connective tissue
• In areas for flexibility
• Articular cartilage reduces friction
• Avascular

Question 4

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 4

• Support
• Protection
• Mechanical basis (leverage/locomotion)
• Storage
• New cells

Question 5

What are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 5

Compact (cortical) and spongey (cancellous) bone

Question 6

What is spongey bone also known as?

Answer 6

Cancellous bone

Question 7

What are compact and spongey bone distinguished from each other?

Answer 7

By the amount of solid matter and size of space

Question 8

Describe the features of compact bone

Answer 8

• Strength for weight bearing
• ## In long bones it is found in the middle of the shaft

Question 9

What are some of the elevations found on long bones?

Answer 9

Ridges, crests and tubercles

where nerves and blood vessels run over each other, and where muscles are attached

Question 10

What shape are long bones?

Answer 10

Tubular

Question 11

What shape are short bones?

Answer 11

Cuboidal (tarsus, carpus)

Question 12

What is the function of flat bones?

Answer 12

Protective function

Question 13

What are some examples of long bones?

Answer 13

Tibia, fibia

Question 14

What are some examples of cuboidal bones

Answer 14

Tarsus, carpus

Question 15

What shape are bones mostly in the face?

Answer 15

Irregular

Question 16

What type of bone is the patella?

Answer 16

Sesamoid bone

Question 17

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 17

Little bone that sits inside a tendon

Question 18

What is a condyle?

Answer 18

A rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone

Question 19

What is a foramen?

Answer 19

An opening/hole in bone

Question 20

What is a trochanter in bone anatomy?

Answer 20

Muscles attach to this

Question 21

What is abduction (in locomotion)?

Answer 21

Moving away from the body e.g. upper limb moving outwards

Question 22

What is adduction (in locomotion)?

Answer 22

Movement towards the body e.g. upper limb moving inwards

Question 23

What is circumduction of the upper limb?

Answer 23

Moving the arms like a windmill (360 degrees)

Question 24

What does circumduction of the lower limb allow?

Answer 24

Allows you to change direction when walking

Question 25

What is eversion of the feet?

Answer 25

Turning feet outwards

Question 26

What is inversion of the feet?

Answer 26

Turning feet inwards

Question 27

Which joints are most stable?

Answer 27

Hip and knee joints

Question 28

Which muscles are active when standing at ease?

Answer 28

A few of the back and lower limb muscles

Question 29

What process ensures that the body doesn't fall forwards when standing still?

Answer 29

Tonic contraction of back muscles

Question 30

What does 60% of walking involve?

Answer 30

The lower limb on the floor | This is the stance phase

Question 31

How often does the lower limb come off the ground when walking?

Answer 31

40% of the time (swing phase)

Question 32

What do the lower limbs act as when walking?

Answer 32

A brake system (walking is controlled falling)

Question 33

Which muscles contract when stepping forward?

Answer 33

Muscles at the front of the leg contract, muscles at bum also contract

Question 34

What is the 'gait' cycle?

Answer 34

The walking cycle | 60% of the time, lower limbs on the ground. 40% of the time, lower limb comes off the ground.

Question 35

What are the 2 'phases' of the gait cycle?

Answer 35

``` Stance phase (60%) Swing phase (40%) ```