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BDS1 BAMS: Locomotor System > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones are we born with?

A

~260-280 bones

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3
Q

What age are all the bones in the body fused?

A

Late twenties to late thirties

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4
Q

Which is the last bone to fuse?

A

The clavicle

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5
Q

The bones of the skeleton are divided into 2 parts. What are they?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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6
Q

Describe the arrangement of long bones in the arm

A

Humerus (at the top of the limb), and radius (thumb side) and ulna at the at the bottom

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7
Q

What do children learn at age ~4-5?

A

How to hold a pen and write - opposition (able to oppose the thumb, able to turn and rotate thumb to touch each fingertip)

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8
Q

What is the arrangement of the limbs (broadly speaking)?

A

1 bone -> 2 bones -> lots of bones

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9
Q

What is the shaft of long bones called?

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

What are the ends of long bones called?

A

Epiphysis

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11
Q

What type of bone marrow is in the diaphysis shaft?

A

Yellow marrow - does not produce red blood cells

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12
Q

What type of bone marrow is in the epiphysis?

A

Red marrow - this is where red blood cells are produced (erythropoiesis)

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13
Q

What type of bone is in the epiphysis?

A

Cancellous/spongey bone

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14
Q

Which part of the bone has cancellous/spongey bone?

A

The epiphysis (the ends of long bones)

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15
Q

What type of bone is in the diaphysis?

A

Cortical bone

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16
Q

What type of bone is around the periphery?

A

Compact bone

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17
Q

What are the 3 types joints?

A
  1. Synovial joint
  2. Fibrous joint
  3. Cartilaginous joint
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18
Q

What are joints?

A

Where one bone joins to another

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19
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

For extensive movement, articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage), synovial fluid in a capsule

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20
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity, joint held together by dense connective tissue, no movement

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21
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

No synovium, little movement, held together by cartilage

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22
Q

Give examples of synovial joints

A

Shoulder, elbow, wrist bones, knee

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23
Q

Where would you find fibrous joints?

A

Skull

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24
Q

What type of joints are in the skull?

A

Fibrous joints

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25
Q

What type of joint is the pelvis?

A

Cartilaginous

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26
Q

What are syndemoses?

A

Immovable joints where bones are joined by dense connective tissue e.g. where distal tibia and fibula meet at the ankle

27
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

Cartilaginous joint. Bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrocartilage in between e.g. pelvis, sternum, ribs

28
Q

How many bones are in the cervical spine?

A

7 (C1-C7)

29
Q

How many bones are in the thoracic spine?

A

12 (T1-T12)

12 paired ribs

30
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar spine?

A

5 (L1-L5)

31
Q

How many bones are in the sacrum part of the spine?

A

5 segments

32
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle close over?

A

2 months

33
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle close over?

A

2 years

34
Q

How many bones make up the pelvis?

A

6: 3 on the left and 3 on the right

35
Q

When do the bones of the pelvis fuse?

A

Late twenties

36
Q

What type of cartilage is in the pelvis joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

37
Q

Which facial bones are pneumatised?

A 
Frontal bone 
Ethmoid bone 
Sphenoid bone
Maxilla 
Have sinuses
38
Q

What do sinuses in the skull do?

A

Lighten the skull

filled with air

39
Q

Where is the weakest part of the skull?

A

Pterion, where all the bones come together

Middle meningeal artery in this area

40
Q

Which artery is in the pterion of the skull?

A

Middle meningeal artery

Injury to pterion may rupture this artery causing a haematoma

41
Q

Most bones in the face are _______ bones

A

Irregular, especially around the face

42
Q

What is the name of the joint at the top of the shoulder?

A

Acromio-clavicular joint

43
Q

Where is the acromio-clavicular joint located?

A

At the top of the shoulder

44
Q

What does the sterno-clavicular joint join?

A

Sternum to clavicle

45
Q

How many false ribs are there?

A

8-10 = false ribs (3 pairs)

46
Q

Which ribs are termed ‘floating ribs’?

A

11-12 (2 pairs)

They only connect to the spine at the back (don’t connect to the sternum or any other ribs)

47
Q

Why are ribs 8-10 termed false ribs?

A

Because they do not join directly to the sternum

They are connected to 7th ribs by cartilage

48
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7 (7 pairs)

49
Q

What is the main component of intervertebral discs?

A

Water

50
Q

What is the purpose of intervertebral discs?

A

To make sure vertebrae don’t rub together

51
Q

What is a slipped disc?

A

When an intervertebral disc slips out and presses on a nerve

52
Q

Why do we get shorter as we age?

A

Lose water in the intervertebral disc (they shrink) as we age, spine becomes smaller

53
Q

What is supination?

A

Rotation of forearm so that palm is facing upwards (holding a bowl of soup)

54
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotation of forearm so palm is facing downwards

55
Q

Which joint is the most stable joint in the body?

A

Hip joint

56
Q

What is the axis of rotation in supination and pronation?

A

The middle finger

57
Q

How many bones are in each finger (not the thumb)?

A

3 bones

58
Q

How many bones does the thumb have?

A

2 bones

59
Q

Which 3 bones form the knee joint?

A

Tibia, patella and femur

Fibula (outside of lower leg) is not part of the knee joint

60
Q

How many bones are in the hand and wrist?

A

27 bones

61
Q

How many bones are in the foot and ankle?

A

26 bones

62
Q

Are there more bones in a) the hand and wrist or b) the foot and ankle

A

a) hand and wrist has 27 bones; foot and ankle has 26 bones

63
Q

What are the bones in the hand and wrist called?

A

Phalanges (14)
Metacarpals (5)
Carpal bones (8)

64
Q

What are the bones in the foot and ankle called?

A

Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsal bones

BDS1 BAMS: Locomotor System (7 decks)

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