Bones and Joints Flashcards
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206
How many bones are we born with?
~260-280 bones
What age are all the bones in the body fused?
Late twenties to late thirties
Which is the last bone to fuse?
The clavicle
The bones of the skeleton are divided into 2 parts. What are they?
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Describe the arrangement of long bones in the arm
Humerus (at the top of the limb), and radius (thumb side) and ulna at the at the bottom
What do children learn at age ~4-5?
How to hold a pen and write - opposition (able to oppose the thumb, able to turn and rotate thumb to touch each fingertip)
What is the arrangement of the limbs (broadly speaking)?
1 bone -> 2 bones -> lots of bones
What is the shaft of long bones called?
Diaphysis
What are the ends of long bones called?
Epiphysis
What type of bone marrow is in the diaphysis shaft?
Yellow marrow - does not produce red blood cells
What type of bone marrow is in the epiphysis?
Red marrow - this is where red blood cells are produced (erythropoiesis)
What type of bone is in the epiphysis?
Cancellous/spongey bone
Which part of the bone has cancellous/spongey bone?
The epiphysis (the ends of long bones)
What type of bone is in the diaphysis?
Cortical bone
What type of bone is around the periphery?
Compact bone
What are the 3 types joints?
- Synovial joint
- Fibrous joint
- Cartilaginous joint
What are joints?
Where one bone joins to another
Describe synovial joints
For extensive movement, articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage), synovial fluid in a capsule
Describe fibrous joints
No synovial cavity, joint held together by dense connective tissue, no movement
Describe cartilaginous joints
No synovium, little movement, held together by cartilage
Give examples of synovial joints
Shoulder, elbow, wrist bones, knee
Where would you find fibrous joints?
Skull
What type of joints are in the skull?
Fibrous joints
What type of joint is the pelvis?
Cartilaginous
What are syndemoses?
Immovable joints where bones are joined by dense connective tissue e.g. where distal tibia and fibula meet at the ankle
What is a symphysis?
Cartilaginous joint. Bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrocartilage in between e.g. pelvis, sternum, ribs
How many bones are in the cervical spine?
7 (C1-C7)
How many bones are in the thoracic spine?
12 (T1-T12)
12 paired ribs
How many bones are in the lumbar spine?
5 (L1-L5)
How many bones are in the sacrum part of the spine?
5 segments
At what age does the anterior fontanelle close over?
2 months
At what age does the posterior fontanelle close over?
2 years
How many bones make up the pelvis?
6: 3 on the left and 3 on the right
When do the bones of the pelvis fuse?
Late twenties
What type of cartilage is in the pelvis joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Which facial bones are pneumatised?
Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Maxilla Have sinuses
What do sinuses in the skull do?
Lighten the skull
filled with air
Where is the weakest part of the skull?
Pterion, where all the bones come together
Middle meningeal artery in this area
Which artery is in the pterion of the skull?
Middle meningeal artery
Injury to pterion may rupture this artery causing a haematoma
Most bones in the face are _______ bones
Irregular, especially around the face
What is the name of the joint at the top of the shoulder?
Acromio-clavicular joint
Where is the acromio-clavicular joint located?
At the top of the shoulder
What does the sterno-clavicular joint join?
Sternum to clavicle
How many false ribs are there?
8-10 = false ribs (3 pairs)
Which ribs are termed ‘floating ribs’?
11-12 (2 pairs)
They only connect to the spine at the back (don’t connect to the sternum or any other ribs)
Why are ribs 8-10 termed false ribs?
Because they do not join directly to the sternum
They are connected to 7th ribs by cartilage
Which ribs are true ribs?
1-7 (7 pairs)
What is the main component of intervertebral discs?
Water
What is the purpose of intervertebral discs?
To make sure vertebrae don’t rub together
What is a slipped disc?
When an intervertebral disc slips out and presses on a nerve
Why do we get shorter as we age?
Lose water in the intervertebral disc (they shrink) as we age, spine becomes smaller
What is supination?
Rotation of forearm so that palm is facing upwards (holding a bowl of soup)
What is pronation?
Rotation of forearm so palm is facing downwards
Which joint is the most stable joint in the body?
Hip joint
What is the axis of rotation in supination and pronation?
The middle finger
How many bones are in each finger (not the thumb)?
3 bones
How many bones does the thumb have?
2 bones
Which 3 bones form the knee joint?
Tibia, patella and femur
Fibula (outside of lower leg) is not part of the knee joint
How many bones are in the hand and wrist?
27 bones
How many bones are in the foot and ankle?
26 bones
Are there more bones in a) the hand and wrist or b) the foot and ankle
a) hand and wrist has 27 bones; foot and ankle has 26 bones
What are the bones in the hand and wrist called?
Phalanges (14)
Metacarpals (5)
Carpal bones (8)
What are the bones in the foot and ankle called?
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsal bones
