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physiology 3 > voluntary control of movement > Flashcards

voluntary control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord level integration

A
  • reflex patterns - effect motor neurons exiting that level at the spinal cord, cant affect multiple different levels at once
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2
Q

brainsstem level integration

A

posture - maintains tone

continuous modification of degrees of tone in different muscles - antigravity muscles

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3
Q

cerebellum level integration

A

motor planning, coordination and assessment

assess motor output to provide predictive patterns of movement which also feeds into the cortex

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4
Q

basal ganglia

A

essential to motor control

helps cortex execute subconscious learned patterns of movement

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5
Q

heirarchy of control - strategy - what to do

A

prefrontal cortex
post parietal cortex
basal ganglia

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6
Q

heirarchy of motor control - tactics - how to do it

A

pre-motor cortex and SMA

cerebellum

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7
Q

heirarchy - execution - doing it

A

primary motor cortex
brain stem
spinal cord

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8
Q

direct spinal tracts

A

direct contol of pathway - from cortex to spinal cord

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9
Q

2 direct spinal tracts

A

corticospinal tracts - major - starts in primary motor cortex, synapses with lower motor neuron which innervated skeleton
rubrospinal tract - minor - starts in red nucleus and synpases to a lower motor neuron

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10
Q

dominant spinal tract

A

corticospinal tract

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11
Q

conrticospinal tract origin

A

motor cortex

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12
Q

where does corticospinal tract go

A

lateral corticospinal tract (80%) decussates at medulla to innervate distal limb muscles for fine movements and coordination
ventral corticospinal tract (20%) innervates axial and proximal limb muscles for gross movement

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13
Q

origin of the rubrospinal tract

A 
red nucleus (midbrain) 
but - red nucleus recieves fibres directly from 1° motor cortex (corticorubral tract) and branching fibres from the corticospinal trcat
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14
Q

rubrospinal tract innervates

A

innervates distal limb muscles - fine movements, coordination and skill

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15
Q

brainstem centre facilitating the eyes

A

tectospinal nuclei

  • revieve visual input (horizon)
  • output descends tectospinal tract to correct head/neck muscles
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16
Q

brainstem centre facilitating the ears and vestibules

A

vestibular nuclei

  • recieve vestibular input (equilibrium/head rotation)
  • output descend vestibulospinal tract and also feeds into cerebellum and reticular nucleus in the pons
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17
Q

reticular nuclei

A

sense global brain acitivty

  • tense muscles in high activity
  • two of them: one in the pons and one in the medulla
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18
Q

reticular nuclei in the pons

A

excitatory - rigidity in antigravity maucles

19
Q

reticular nuclei in the medulla

A

inhibits antogravity muscles - inhibitory

20
Q

tract for visual adjustments

A

tectospinal tract

21
Q

tract for gracity/equilibrium

A

vestibulospinal

22
Q

tract for rigidity adjustment

A

reticulospinal tract

23
Q

medial indirect tracts

A
  • reticulospinal tract
  • vestibulopinal
  • tectospinal

influence, dont control

24
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

from reticular formation in central grey matter of brainstem
goes to thalamus and then spinal cord

25
Q

outputs of the reticulospinal tract

A

pontine (excitatory) RST - in the pons, excites axial and extensor muscles
medullary (inhibitory) RST - in the medulla, inhibits extensor muscles and excite flexors

26
Q

the reason there are two outputs of the RST

A

antagonistic function

to modulate reflex actions during ongoing movements

27
Q

cerebellum and basal ganglia initiating movement

A

cannot initiate movement - only feed into areas that can initiate movement

28
Q

cerebellum

A

timing, smooth prrogression/control/intensity/interplay between agnist/antagonist muscle groups

compares actual movement to intended movement

29
Q

basal ganglia

A

plan + control complex patterns/ relative intensities/direction/sequence/ complicated motor goals

adjust based on cortical regions

30
Q

lesions of the cerebellum

A

lose coordination
cerebellar ataxia - uncoordinated and inaccurate movements
dysynergia - lose synergistic multi-joint movements
dysmetria - overshoot or undersshoot target

31
Q

ataxia

A

uncoordinated and inaccurate movements

32
Q

dysynergia

A

lose synergistic multi-joint movements

33
Q

dysmetria

A

overshoot or undershoot target

34
Q

structure of the cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres with associated deep nuclei

  • vermis is located on the midline of the cerebellum
  • flocculondular lobe: causal aspect of the CB
35
Q

cerebellar input

A

continuous motor and sensory input from the brain and the periphery

  • from the brain: premotor area, vestibular, basal ganglia and spinal cord
  • from the periphery: muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, activity in the spinal cord
36
Q

3 functional divisions of the cerrebellum

A
  • vestibulocerebellum: balance
  • spinocerebellum: controlling motor areas of spinal cord
  • cerebrocerebellum: planning motor images and executing them
37
Q

vestibulocerebellum is located

A

flocolunodular lobes and adjacent vermis section

38
Q

spinocerebellum is located

A

vermis and adjacent intermediate zones

39
Q

cerebrocerebellum is lated

A

lateral zones of hemispheres

40
Q

role of the basal ganglia in movement control

A

input from cortex, output via thalamus
complicated excitatory and inhibitory connections mediated by different nuerotramistters
prevents hyper/hypo kinesis

41
Q

danage to the basal ganglia

A

tremor, involuntary movements, problems with posture

42
Q

putamen circuit

A

executing patterns of motor activity

directly to the primary motor cortex

43
Q

caudate circuit

A

cognitive planning of motor patterns
assesses validity of a plan
doesnt stimulate motor output directly
directly stimulates premotor area to aid pattern control

physiology 3 (7 decks)

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