memory and learning

Question 1

procedural (implicit or motor/skill)

Answer 1

eg. walking

learning motor patterns/programs

Question 2

declarative

Answer 2

explicit memories
episodic (events)
semantic (facts)
autobiographical

Question 3

working memory

Answer 3

holding immidiate informaion from many sources to carry out a task
only temporary, but accesses long term declarative and procedural memories
may be stored as a declarative or procedural

Question 4

consolidatin process

Answer 4

forming or strengthening a nueral circuit

conversion of a short term memory to a long term memory

Question 5

2 types of amnesia

Answer 5

retrograde - ability to reactivate older memories
anterograde - ability to store new memories

both relate to declarative memory

Question 6

when critical structures are damaged

Answer 6

anterograde

Question 7

working memory stored in

Answer 7

prefrontal cortex

Question 8

where declarative memory is stored

Answer 8

hippocampus

Question 9

where procedural memories are stored

Answer 9

basal ganglia/cerebellum/motor AAs

Question 10

part respnsble for memory recall

Answer 10

thalamus

Question 11

repeatedly activating a short term memory causes

Answer 11

consolidation to longterm memory

Question 12

memories being codified

Answer 12

similar memories are stored together

Question 13

hippocampus i essential for

Answer 13

storage of declaratove memories

Question 14

lesion of the hippocampus causes

Answer 14

anterograde amnesia - inability to store new memories

Question 15

thalamic structures are imprtant for

Answer 15

recalling memories

Question 16

damage to the thalamus causes

Answer 16

retrograde amnesia

Question 17

immidiate memory

Answer 17

transient synaptic potentiation

Question 18

habituation

Answer 18

learning to ignore stimuli that lack meaning

Question 19

facilitation

Answer 19

learning to intensify response to stimuli

Question 20

inhibition of synpatic pathways

Answer 20

• reduce neurotransmitter production
• apoptose Ca2+ channels
• reduce postsynapic receptors
• synapse pruning
• gene expression changes

Question 21

long term potentiation

Answer 21

reptitive/strong excitatory signals enhance responsiveness

long term strong type of facilitatio

Question 22

non-NMDA receptors

Answer 22

classical excitatory ligand=gated channels

glutamate binds AMPAR (AMPA receptor) - allows Na+ flow

Question 23

NMDA receptors

Answer 23

also glutamate receptors

under normal functioning, they are blocked by Mg2+

Question 24

when there is repeated strong activation of synapse

Answer 24

Mg2+ gets replaced by Ca2+ and NMDA can participate as well and can be used = twice as many receptors
AMPA receptors are just sodium channels, but NMDA lets in sodium and calcium
calcium enters cell and acts as signalling molecules which activates kinases and change gene expression
nucleus produces more AMPA receptors = potentiation

Question 25

opposite of long term potantiaton

Answer 25

long term depression LTD

Question 26

cellular mechanisms in LT memory

Answer 26

• stuctural changes (synaptic plasticity)

Question 27

presynaptic changes in LT memory

Answer 27

• NT vessicle release ites
• number of NT vessicles
• number of presynaptic termini

Question 28

postsynaptic changes in LT memory

Answer 28

• LTP, LTD

- growth, redolleing of dendritic spines

Question 29

where new neorones can grow in an adult

Answer 29

hippocampus