Volume 3: ropes and knots Flashcards
Ropes (lines) in use by the LAFD are made of _____ fibers, range in size from __” to ___” in diameter and in lengths to ___.
Synthetic fibers
1/4’’ to 3/4’’
300’
The main line is One ___ foot low stretch ___ inch static kernmantle lifeline, white in color, with ____ or ___ stripes running through it, stored in a ___ nylon bag
300
1/2’’
Blue or red
Red
The belay line is One ___ foot low stretch __ inch static kernmantle rope, _____ in color, stored in an______ nylon bag (Safety / Belay Line)
300’
1/2’’
Orange in color
Orange
Along with the bags engine company also has ___ classIII full body rescue harnesses size ____
Two
Large
The truck company has ____ class III full body rescue harnesses size one ____/ _____, two ____
Three
Small
Medium
Large
Two _-mm accessory cords __ feet in length to build two ____ ____ ______LRH)
Two 8mm
20’
Load releasing hitches
__ stainless steel brake bar racks, with six ______ __
Two
Aluminum bars
____ steel “D” shaped carabiners
8
Two __-mm x __ foot accessory cord (long prusik)
8mm
6
Two _-mm x __ foot accessory cord (short prusik)
8mm x 5’
___ pieces of ___ 1 inch tubular webbing __ feet in length
___ pieces of ____ 1 inch tubular webbing __ feet in length
__ pieces of __ 1 inch tubular webbing ___ feet in length
Two
Blue
5
Two
Yellow
12
Two
Red
20
Two ____ ____ sheets, one for each rope
Inspection record
___ __ inch x __ foot anchor strap with “D” rings at both ends
One
2’’
7’
___ pieces of ____ multi-loop webbing __ foot in length
Two
Yellow
3’
The LAFD carries ____ ___ ___ ___ rescue harnesses.
Class III full body rescue harness
The harness is constructed of ____ ______ with adjustable ____ and ____ cinching straps.
Nylon webbing
Wait and leg
The “D” ring is used for attachment to the ____ _____rappelling device with a carabiner. To use the harness, hold it with both hands in front of your body, with the “D” ring ___ ____, step through the leg and waist loops, pull the harness up to your waist, tighten the ____ strap, and then the ___straps.
Figure eight
In front
Waist
Leg
There are connection points for ______ and ______ on the full body rescue harness. The main line is connected to the ____ “D” ring. The belay / safety line is connected to the ____ “D” ring.
Ascending and descending
Waist
Chest
Connect the main line and belay line to these “D” ring connection points by using a ____ _____ on a bight and a _______. If you do not have a carabiner, you can use a _____ ______ _____ ____, or a _____ backed up with a _____ ______ knot.
Figure eight
Carabiner
Figure eight follow through
Bowline
Double overhand knot
Full body harness:
The rear strap support should be adjusted to the middle of the ____, just below the _____. There are two types of rear strap supports, one with a “D” ring for ____ _____, and one with just the ____ _____
Back
Shoulders
Fall protection
Back support
The small loops on the harness are used only for attaching _____ ______e.g., webbing / carabiners only. DO NOT ATTACH ____LINE OR ____ LINE TO THESE LOOPS. They will not support your weight.
Extra equipment
Main line or belay line
Make sure the harness fits snugly and that all the buckles are secured before using the harness. Make sure the ends of all straps are secured by the ____.
Keepers
We have had a problem with the keepers breaking off. One-way to avoid this is to wrap the keeper with ______ ______, however if it does break off or there are any loose ends, then tie it off with an _____ knot
Electrical tape
Overhead
Carabiners used in the LAFD rope rescue kits are ____ “D” shaped carabiners, rated at _____ pounds. The basic parts of a carabiner include the ____, ____, ____, and _____.
Steel
9000lbs
Spine, hinge, gate, latch
The “D” shaped carabiner is designed to carry the load along the _____ side. Note that the ____ side of the carabiner is longer than the _____ side, with the top and bottom of the carabiner _____ towards the spine.
Spine
Spine
Gate
Flaring
“D” shaped carabiners are the strongest when the material in the carabiner is pulled in the small area of the carabiner, next to the _____.
Spine
Carabiners are designed to be lock with only _____ ______ tightness.
Light finger
Never tighten a carabiner using _____ _____.
Never re-tighten a carabiner when the system is ______. This may damage the locking mechanism.
Never ____ ____ a carabiner.
Channel locks
Loaded
Side load
a solid one-piece aluminum rappelling device. The speed of descent is controlled by regulating the speed of the rope as it passes through the device and your hand.
Figure eight plate
Figure eight plates come with or without ____.
Figure eight plates come in varying ______.
Use for ______and ______ systems.
Larger figure eight plates have less ______ and will accommodate ______ size ropes.
All figure eight plates tend to _____ the rope during use.
Once on the rope, it is difficult to ______ friction.
Rappelling or lowering operations over ___ feet a _____ ____ _____ should be used, due to the twisting of the rope.
Ears
Diameters
Rappelling and lowering
Friction
Larger
Twist
Increase
75’
Brake bar rack
have a proven reputation among vertical cavers and rescue teams as the preferred friction device.
Brake bar racks
One of the major advantages of the brake bar rack is the way the rope runs ____ _____ ___, greatly reducing twisting in the rope during long lowering and rappelling operations.
Straight through it
The welded eye, on one end, is used for attachment and is rated at _______ pounds.
10,000lbs
For a single person load (rappel or lower), start with _____ bars.
4 bars
For a two-person loads, start with ____ bars.
5 bars
Brake bar rack:
The maximum would be ___, and the minimum should never be less than _____ during any operation.
6
3
Wrap the rope ____ over the yoke and through the brake bar rack pulling the bars together. Tie the rope off with two ___ _____ in front of the brake bar rack.
Twice
Half hitches
Check for wear, cracks, and dents. If the bars appear damaged or worn the entire brake bar rack should be sent to ____ __ for evaluation and replacement.
User 88
Anchor systems can be made out of _____ or ____.
Webbing or rope
When you have a _______ anchor such as fire apparatus, you do not have to back anchor or create multi point anchors.
Bombproof anchor
The main line and belay line can share the same anchor if it is ______, however they must be attached to the anchor via separate pieces of _______.
Bombproof
Webbing
TYPES OF ANCHORS
____
Apparatus ____
____ and ____
____ Posts
______ Post and _____-
_______ Poles
Vehicles
Apparatus eyes
Rims and axels
Car posts
Concrete post and pillars
Telephone poles
TYPES OF ANCHORS:
Pickets: Various patterns and configurations. Pickets should be ____ foot in length, ____ inch round ____ _____ preferred. The pickets should be pounded ___ feet into the ground, at a __ degree angle, ____ from the object. Consider soil type, moisture content, and proximity to the edge.
3’
ONE INCH STEEL STOCK
2’
15 degree
Away
TYPES OF ANCHORS:
Fence Post: Make sure the post has a ___ , because water build up rots out the bottom. Consider using more than one post. Consider ____ ______.
Cap
Back anchoring
TYPES OF ANCHORS:
Trees: Use large tree trunks: no _____ _____; live trees.
EXPOSED ROOTS
Single picket ____ pounds
1-1 ____ pounds
1-1-1 ____pounds
2-1 _____ pounds
3-2-1 _____ pounds
700
1400
1800
2000
4000
1/2 inch KM-III static kernmantle rope is constructed of a tightly woven sheath (____)over a braided core (____).
Mantle
Kern
The high strength core (____) can carry up to ___% of the load with the cover (Mantle) designed primarily for protection against abrasion.
Kern
90%
This rope is rated at ______ pounds and weighs __pounds per –____ feet, which meets or exceeds the NFPA 1995 standard for one and two - person rescues.
10,000
7
100
is the rated breaking strength of the rope when pulled in a straight line, with no knots, under laboratory conditions to a point where it can be expected to break.
Tensile strength
The ____ of a rope and the ____ tied with the rope will ____ the tensile strength.
Age
Knots
Reduce
To determine the ______ ______ _____of a rope, you divide the manufacturers rated tensile strength by the NFPA safety factor of __. E.g. 10,000 - pound rope divided by 15 = 666 pound working load, which exceeds the NFPA standard of ____ pounds for a two-person rope.
Safe working load
15
600
Is constructed of a single layer of material, it is similar to our ladder straps. It is less expensive, but stiffer and more difficult to work with than tubular webbing.
Flat webbing
_____ Stitched: Is formed by folding over flat webbing _______, and stitching the two sides together. Suitable for ____ rescue.
Edge
Lengthwise
Rope rescue
Spiral Weave (also known as “____ _____construction”): This design of the tubular webbing is the standard in rope rescue operations. Suitable for rope rescues
Shuttle loom construction
There are various widths for webbing ranging from__inch up to __ inches. The webbing used by LAFD is __inch _____ _____ tubular and ____ ____ flat webbing rated at _____ pounds.
1/2’’
2’’
1’’ spiral weaved tubular
Folded over flat webbing
4000lbs
LAFD webbing comes in the following lengths:
Blue Webbing - __feet.
Yellow Webbing - __ feet.
Red Webbing - __ feet.
5
12
20
Accessory cord is __mm nylon cord. It is used to make load releasing hitches and ____ _____. The accessory cord purchased by the LAFD is rated at _____ pounds.
8mm
Prusik loops
3630lbs
The load releasing hitch (LRH) utilized by the LAFD is constructed out of ___mm accessory cord ___ feet long. This type of hitch is designed to act as a ____ _____ when the main line or belay line is shock loaded, or to ____ _____ through the system.
8mm
20’
Shock absorber
Pass knots
BUILDING A LOAD RELEASING HITCH
Take a 20 foot piece of 8-mm accessory cord and make a ____ in the middle of the line. Clip the first carabiner into the bight.
Take the two bitter ends and tie an ______knot in them, leaving a ___inch tail.
Going away from the bight and carabiner, take both pieces of rope and make a ____ ___ as close to the bight as possible. Attach the second ____ to the munter hitch.
Bight
Overhand knot
2’’
Munster hitch
Carabiner
BUILDING A LOAD RELEASING HITCH:
Pull the slack rope through the munter hitch until both _____ _____.
Pull the carabiner that is attached to the bight in the rope until the ____ ____ flips over in the second carabiner.
There should be a _ to _ inch space between the carabiners.
Carabiners touch
Munster hitch
4-5’’
BUILDING A LOAD RELEASING HITCH:
Take both lines that exit the munter hitch and wrap them around the line between the carabiners _____to ___ times.
Take a bight from each of the remaining ropes, and push it through the space between the ____ and the first _____.
Tie an _____ knot over the bight that was pulled through the bight and the first carabiner.
3- 6
Bight and first carabiner
Overhand
BUILDING A LOAD RELEASING HITCH
Tighten all __ lines.
_____ ____ the rest of the rope.
The carabiner with the munter hitch should always be placed on the _____ side of your system.
6
Daisy chain
Anchor side
designed to slide over the lifeline to any point where the line passes over the edge of a roof, rocks, or any other rough object that would cause abrasion to the rope.
Abrasion guards
There are ___ ____ inch abrasion guards
Two 18’’
ADVANTAGES OF USING A BAG
The rope can be flaked into the bag _____ than it can be coiled.
The bag helps protect the rope from ____ while keeping it ____.
The bag has 2 _____ _____, which makes it easier to carry. If bag is worn on the back while rappelling, the rope will pay out as you descend without tangling.
A bagged rope is easy to deploy. Secure the end of the rope and drop the bag over the edge. The rope will flake out of the bag without tangles. The end of the rope shall be secured to the bottom of the bag by tying a _____ ____ _____
Faster
Damage
Clean
Shoulder straps
Figure eight stopper
The best way to remove dirt particles from a rope is to place the rope in a ____ ____ or a ________, place in a washing machine on ____ cycle and wash in____ water.
Mesh bag or a pillowcase
Gentle
Cold
Use a mild chemical free soap such as _____ cleaner, _____ ____ or ______, in the wash cycle. Allow the rope to drip dry out of direct ___ ____.
Lifeline cleaner, ivory snow, or woolite
Sunlight
Rope ends should be swapped ___ for ____ _____. The reason for this is to reduce wear on the most used part of the rope.
End for end annually
All synthetic fibers are prone to some degradation due to prolonged exposure to ____ _____ ______ (UV).
Ultra violet radiation
Protect ropes and software from extended contact with chemicals containing _____, _____ agents, _____compounds, and _____
Alkaline,
Oxidizing agents, bleaching compounds
Acids
Use only the following markers, as other markers will weaken the fibers of the rope. Carter _____-__ ____, ______ SHARPIE and _____-_____ ______ MARKER.
Marks-a lot
Stanford sharpie
Binnie-smith magic marker
The midpoint of the rope should be marked with?
One black stripe
To get the most use and life out of a rope it must be stored in a place where it is protected from harm. Rope can be damaged if it is left:
In _____.
Exposed to ______ ____ or fumes or residues from ______.
On the floor (Concrete floors contain damging _____. _____ on the rope grinds in dirt.).
Wet or damp areas (This will promote the growth of ____ and _____.).
In areas of ____ ____ (Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than humans can work in will cause degradation of rope.).
One black strip for the ____ years Two black strips for the ____ years
Contaminated with dirt and grit (Dirt and grit can work into the core and damage the fibers. Avoid _____the rope on the ground. NEVER ____ on the rope.).
Sunlight
Vehicle fumes
Batteries
acids
Stepping
Mold and mildew
High heat
Odd
Even
Dragging
Step
Log the rope as soon as you receive it, log all training, emergency incidents and monthly checks on form___
975
call USAR 88 and be guided by there instructions.
If the sheath is ____showing extreme fuzziness or exposing the ___.
If the rope is _____ or ___, or if a brittle spot is present.
If the rope has an ______ shape.
If the rope comes in extended contact with any of the ______listed above in cleaning and care procedures.
If the rope has been _____ _____
Abraded
Core
Lumpy or hard
Hourglass
Chemicals
Shock loaded
How many inspection record cards?
One
The following inspection procedures are identical to those listed for the equipment line.
- Each ____ and after ____ ____ , the lifeline shall be inspected both _____ and by _____ the line as it passes through your hands. Look at and feel the entire length of the line. Look for ____ ____, ____, or _____ surfaces which may cause the ___ ____ to show through the outer jacket. Be sure to slide the ____ _____ and inspect all of the lifeline.
Month and after each use
Visual and by feeling
Flat spots, cuts, or frayed
Red cord
Chafe guards
The following inspection procedures are identical to those listed for the equipment line.
- If the lifeline has been subjected to severe ____ _____ or used in any situation where _____ action may have caused damage to the lifeline, it shall be removed from service.
Shock loading
Chemical
The following inspection procedures are identical to those listed for the equipment line.
- If no hard or flat spots are noticed and yet the line has become very stiff and unworkable due to ___ or repeated _____ and _____, the lifeline shall be removed from service.
Age
Soakings and dryings
The following inspection procedures are identical to those listed for the equipment line.
- If possible, avoid _____ on, ____ over, or _____ the line through ____, _____, or chemicals. Contamination can cause a loss of strength and reliability.
Walking on, driving over, dragging, dirt, grease
The following inspection procedures are identical to those listed for the equipment line.
- The lifeline can be washed if it becomes dirty. Use _____ water with approved cleaners or ____ water ONLY. Allow the lifeline to air dry completely before storing in the carrying bag. Do not dry the line in the sun. ____ ___out or ____ it in a _____location. An entry shall be made on the ____ ____ each time the lifeline is used and/or inspected.
Warm water
Cold water only
Lay it out or hang it
Covered location
Record card
commands are given by the member in charge, which could be the _____ ____ ____officer, ______ or member put into that position.
Technical safety officer,
Rescuer
Anyone in the system can call out
“Stop”
If the rescuer disconnects from the ropes. Rescuer commands are ___ ____
Off belay
If the rescuer is going to be raised back up, the next command from the _____ is ____ ___ _____
Rescuer
Rig to raise
The equipment line is ____’ of ____” diameter rope with a factory ___ ____ on one end and a ___ ____ or ______ on the other end. It has a _____ lb. breaking strength and its working load is ______ lb.
150’
5/8’’
Eye splice
Crown splice or whipping
13,000
2600
Equipment line
Its ____ _____ construction has an inner core of braided _____ which carries __% of the load. The outer jacket is a multiplex polyester fiber (_____) within which ___% of the strands are ____.
Double braided
Polyester
80%
Dacron
25%blue
Equipment line:
It is designed for _____ resistance and good ___, wet or dry, with or without gloves. It is carried on the apparatus in a ____storage bag and is used for _____ and ______ equipment, _______ restricted areas, etc. It is not to be used as a ____ _____.
Abrasion
Grip
Blue storage bag
Hoisting, securing equipment, barricading
Rope rescue
The same type rope is used for _____ ______. The 20 foot extension ladders use ___ inch line and the 35 foot extension ladders use ____inch line
Ladder halyards
3/8’’
5/8’’
The blue storage and carrying bag is constructed of a _____ material with ____ ____. The ______ _____ is stored in this bag.
Plastic
Carrying straps
Equipment line
Equipment line:
Start with the _____ end and feed the line into the bag. Do not _____ or ____ the line; when finished, the _____ will be on top.
Bitter end
Coil or loop
Eye
A dropline is ___’ of ____” Dacron braided line with a ____device attached to one end. It is used to hoist light ____ ____ and ______ aloft, as a ______ line for the ladder pipe and to stabilize the litter basket or rescue harness.
150’ of 5/16’’
Snap
Hose lines, equipment
Control line
Drop line:
may be used as a ______ for search and rescue i.e., when followed to and from an objective.
It is stored in a bag and may be carried on a member’s ___harness, T/O coat __ _____ or ____.
Guideline
B/A
“D” ring
Belt
A knot placed in a line ______its working capacity.
Decreases
The amount of decrease, as a ______, must be subtracted from the original ______ capacity.
Percentage
Working
Knot % of Loss
Full strength, no knots __%
Eye Splice __%
Timber hitch;
half hitch __%
Bowline; clove
hitch __%
Square knot __%
Overhand knot __%
0%
10%
35%
40%
50%
55%
Knots may be tied using any part of the line. For safety, completed knot should have a minimum __” tail.
18’’
Empty Line Up
Timber hitch ___ feet back of nozzle.
6’
Empty Line Down
Timber hitch __ feet back of nozzle. Half hitch, ____ behind the nozzle. Half hitch around the ____ __.
6’
Inches
Nozzle tip
Loaded Line Up
Running bowline __ feet back of nozzle. Half hitch __ feet back of nozzle. Half hitch ____inches back of nozzle.
12’
6’
6”
Loaded Line Down
Running _______ 12 feet back of nozzle. ______ _____ six feet back of nozzle. ______ _____ six inches back of nozzle. Half hitch around _____ _____.
Running bowline
Half hitch
Half hitch
Nozzle tip
Axes-Sledge
_______ ______ over head of tool. _____ _____ near end of handle.
Running loop
Half hitch
Bars-Crow and Jumbo
_____ _____-up, on small end of bar. ____ _____ below the _____ on large end of bar.
Clove hitch
Half hitch
Shoulder
Portable Extinguishers
_____ _____-up, around base. _____ _____ around middle. ______ ______ near top of tank.
Clove hitch
Half hitch
Half hitch
Barrels, Sacked or Boxed Items
_____ knot. Place object on top of ______ line. Bring bitter end and running line to top and tie an _______ knot. Spread overhand knot and drop each side half way down the object being tied. Bring bitter end and running line to top and secure with ______ knot. Break square knot over to allow for the tightening of knot.
Barrel knot
Running line
Overhand knot
Square knot
Ladders (except roof ladders)
With the rungs _____ take a wrap around each beam below proper rung; secure bitter end to running line with a _____ knot. (To determine proper rung, divide the length of the ladder by ____and multiply by __).
Down
Bowline knot
5
2
Roof Ladders
The same as other ladders except wraps around both beams are taken below ____ rung from top; secure bitter end to running line with a ______ knot and place a____ _____ over the open hooks.
Third
Bowline
Half hitch
Hose Roller
Hose roller knot - are a combination of the following knots. A ______ with a _____, ______ knot with a ______ and a _____ _____.
Bowline with a bight
Overhand knot with a bight
Half hitch
Ball and Chain
______ through the ring on the chain. With a separate line, _____ _____-down around chain immediately above ball.
Bowline
Clove hitch down
Joining Two Lines
_____ _____ or ______ knot. A square knot should only be used on lines of ______ size.
Becket bend or square knot
Equal
Bangor Ladder Knot
The bangor ladder knot consists of two _____ ____with a bight tied on the ______ or most convenient rung. The second half hitch also secures the hanging part of the halyard.
Half hitches
4 or most convenient rung
COILING ROPE FOR THROWING
With sufficient line to reach objective, make coils about ____ feet in diameter. Leave enough line at the end to make ___ or ___ smaller coils about __” in diameter. Bind small coils with a ___. Hold and throw small coils toward objective, allowing the large coils to pay off the other hand or the ground. With this method of casting a line, the _____ coils supply the weight necessary to carry the line to a given point. With practice, a line can readily be cast a distance of ___ ft.
3 feet
4 or 5
18”
Bight
Small coils
50ft
