Volume 3: LADDERS AND EVOLUTION Flashcards
Baby Bangor
14- foot extension ladder
Bottom end of a ladder.
Base
Indicated only by the tie-rods on straight ladders which will be under the rungs of a raised ladder when the true base is down.
True base
The principal structural assemblies of ladders.
Beams
Principal structural member of a beam assembly on a trussed ladder.
Main beam
The secondary structural member of a beam assembly on a trussed ladder.
Trues beam
Bolts which hold the beam assembly together.
Beam bolts
A method of raising a ladder on edge. One beam above the other and rungs vertical at the beginning of the raise.
Beam raise
Strengthening strips attached diagonally from main beam to truss beam in some types of trussed ladders.
Braces
Used to raise one member extension ladder from rest position. Member assumes squat position beside ladder, both feet against beam. Grasps proper rungs, hands against outside beam, elbows outside knee. Rocks over ladder, locks arms, returns to squat position with ladder chest high and rungs parallel to body.
Curling
Used to return one member extension ladder to rest position.
Reverse curl
Locks
Dogs
Climbing side of ladder; the side away from the building when in position for climbing. Rung side on LAFD ladders.
Front of ladder
Member working front side of ladder.
Front member
Methods used to secure the base of ladder from undesired movement.
Footing
Longitudinal strips on inner side of beam assemblies on most extension ladders which guide the fly section and hold the fly to the main section.
Guides
Rope used to extend the fly section of a ladder.
Halyard
Folding steel members that secure a roof ladder for climbing.
Hooks
The hand (or -foot) that is closer to the ladder. Also, the hand (or foot) that is closer to the other member of a two-member team when working side by side
Inside Hand (or Foot)
Used to secure one beam of a ladder when raising or lowering the fly section. The knee is lodged against one side of the beam and the instep of the foot is hooked around the opposite side of the same beam. For safety, avoid placing toe of locked foot under fly section.
Knee/Foot Lock Position
A ladder built in one section.
Straight ladder
A ladder built in two or more sections which can be extended to increase its length.
Extension ladder
Lowest or bottom section of extension ladder.
Main section
Extension section of a ladder, usually refers to the top section
Fly section
(Front or rear). The left member of a two-member team when working side by side as viewed from behind.
Left member
Positive locking devices which keep the fly section from retracting once raised.
Locks
Secure or lock oneself to a ladder with the leg.
Locking in
Rest the upper portion of the ladder against objective after raising ladder to vertical position.
Lower-in
Removing a ladder from a raised position. Includes retracting fly of extension ladder.
Lowering
Used while raising ladders to bring them parallel with objective.
Moving pivot
Moving pivot
As ladder approaches the near vertical position, base member spans pivot beam at approximately ___ rung level and opposite beam at approximately ___ rung level.
3rd rung
5th rung
See “inside” hand (or foot). Opposite of “inside.”
Outside Hand (or Foot)
Ladder on the beam and rungs in vertical position.
Park
As applied to ladders, means turning a ladder on one beam when the ladder is in a vertical or near-vertical position.
Pivot
Grooved wheel over which the halyard drawn when extending an extension section.
Pulley
Methods of raising a ladder. See “flat raise” and “beam raise.”
Raises
Placing a ladder in position for climbing; includes extending fly of extension ladders and lowering in.
Raising
Side of ladder opposite the climbing side; side of ladder toward the building when in position for climbing.
Rear of ladder
Member working rear side of ladder.
Rear member
When ladder is laid on ground with rungs in horizontal position.
Rest
Front or rear) The right member of a two member team when working side by side as viewed from behind.
Right member
Cross-members of ladder used when climbing. They are set in main beams or in truss blocks between main and truss beams.
Rungs
______ ______means that rungs are on the side farther from the building after ladder is raised.
Rungs away
Rungs are on the side closer to the ground.
Rungs down
Front of ladder; the side closer to the rungs; climbing side on LAFD ladders.
Rung side
Rungs are on side away from ground.
Rungs up
Metal devices attached to the base of each beam to provide a better footing and to protect the beam ends.
Shoes
Grasp the main and truss beams of an extension ladder shoulder high in such a way that the hand will not be injured by raising or lowering the fly.
Span the beams
Placing the base of ladder in correct location prior to raising.
Spotting
Devices which prevent extending the fly out of the main section.
Stops
Web straps with buckle used for securing ladders, improvising stepladders, etc.
Straps
Metal rods which reinforce and hold the ladder assembly together.
Tie rods
Moving a ladder forward from the balanced carrying position by extending both arms causing the base to drop to the ground.
Trombone
Vertical, diagonal, and longitudinal strengthening parts of a trussed ladder. Includes braces, blocks, and truss beams but usually refers to truss beams.
Trusses
Blocks between the main and truss beams of a trussed ladder.
Truss blocks
Extension ladders in feet?
12, 14, 20, 35
Straight ladders in feet?
16, 20, 24
Roof ladders in feet
10, 12, 14, 16, 20
Collapsible
10
Number of members permitted on straight and extension ladders
One member=
Two members=
Three members=
One member= 10,12, 14, and 16
Two members= 20, 24
Three members= 35
Number of members permitted on roof ladders
Two members=
Three members=
Two member= 10,12, and 14
Three member= 16, and 20
Ladders should be inspected
Periodically and after each use
Maintenance
Check for:
(1)______ , _____, _____ or splintered parts
(2) Shoes worn ______
(3) Worn, frayed or loose _______
(4) Loose _______ and _____ ______, and
(5) ______, _______ or blistered finish.
Marred, worn, cracked
Smooth
Halyards
Tie rods and beam bolts
Racked, peeled
Check for and touch up _____ ______ after each use.
Chipped finish
Minimum of _____ _____ of clear finish, per Department specifications, should then be applied as a means of preserving the wood and facilitating inspection. Sand lightly between coats.
Two coats
_________ paints shall not be used on ladders except on metal parts and for marking.
Pigmented paints
Marking the _____ and _______ designation on the metal parts at both ends eliminates the guesswork when removing or replacing ladders.
Length and company designation
The ______ ___—— of a team will generally control timing and placement of ladders and will give commands unless otherwise specified.
Base member
When lifting ladders from the ground or from the apparatus, use the muscles of the
Legs arms and shoulders
Keep the back ______ and_____. Coordination of effort between team members is essential.
Straight and flat
When it is necessary to change direction of travel with long ladders, and it is unnecessary or undesirable to turn the ladder end for end, a simple pivot to _
______ direction is used.
Reverse
Ladders carried flat
On the command to reverse, all members reach across with ______ hand, take weight of beam at _______ level from inside hand, pivot into the ladder to face opposite direction and carry. Remove what is now outside hand.
Outside hand
Shoulder level
Ladders Carried At Arm’s Length
On command to “prepare to reverse,” grasp _____ rung in front of shoulder with _____ ___________ against top beam. On command, “reverse,” both members take weight of ladder on outside hand, pivot __ degrees while withdrawing inside arm from between rungs.
First rung
Outside hand thumb
90 degrees
Ladders are generally spotted so that when raised, the top of the ladder will be to the _____side of the window to facilitate getting on or off.
Left side
The proper climbing angle of a ladder is approximately
70 degrees
To obtain proper climbing angle the base of the ladder should be placed at a distance from the building or objective equal to approximately ____ the desired height.
1/4th
Two basic methods of raising ladders are the
Flat and beam raises
Shifting and moving ladders
Two members at front of ladder grasp _____ ________ common rung with inside hands, palms up, hands near closest beam, thumbs under rung.
Most convenient
Shifting large ladders
_______ member responsible for top placement of ladder, _____ member for base.
Right
Left
On 35’ extension ladder which member directs the other members in proper placement of the ladder?
Base member
Moving One-Member Straight Ladder
Bring ladder to vertical position; with hands well apart, bottom hand ____ ____, top hand ____ ______; grasp centers of _____ _______ rungs.
Palm-up
Palm-down
Most convenient rung
Moving one member straight ladder
If ladder becomes unbalanced, ______ ______ and place foot on _______ ____ ______ rung until ladder is stabilized
Ground base
Center of bottom rung
Ladders raised to fire escape balconies shall be secured to balcony railing with a
Ladder strap
Securing ladders
Strap balcony railing and stanchion to the _____ and nearest ______ of ladder.
Beam and nearest rung
When working from ladders, members should be
Locked in
Ladders raised to windows may be secured by strapping rung to a ____ _____, ________ or other similar object placed ________ just inside window. On roofs ___ ____ and straps may be used
Pike pole, crowbar
Horizontally
Hay hooks
How should the ladder be secured when it is not possible to secure ladders at the top
The base shall be footed
to be locked in on a ladder that has not been secured is?
An extreme hazard
Securing ladders
On extension ladders, the fly shall be
Strapped to main
Members shall use both hands at all times when
Climbing ladders
Ascending, look toward the rungs just ______ ____ _____. Descending, look toward the rungs just ______ ____ _____.
Just above the head
Just below the head
Climb with hands grasping the ______ of the rungs, body ______, shoulders at an _____ ______ from the ladder, ______ in line with the body, ______ of the feet on the rungs.
Center of rungs
Body erect
Shoulders at an arms length
Knees in line
Balls of feet
Climbing ladders
The _____ carry the weight and the _____ maintain balance and stability
Legs
Arms
Ascend briskly, but smoothly, feet and hands working together, taking every rung with the feet and every ____ ______ with the hands.
Every Other rung
When descending, grasp ____ _____ with alternating hands.
Each rung
Lock in with the leg on the side _______ from the work to be performed.
Opposite
Locking in
- Climb ladder to _____ _____.
- Stand on one foot and place other foot and leg through ladder over the _______ rung above the one on which the foot rests.
Desired height
Second rung
Lowering
Two members working side by side to lower a ladder should work in unison, placing outside hand on the beam and inside hand on ______ ______ rung. Keep arms ________. Avoid the tendency to work too _____ when lowering a ladder.
Every other rung
Straight
Fast
Ladders may be used to advantage in ventilating above ground where __________ are encountered
Windowpanes
When ventilating with the ladder what is a more efficient way to do so to reduce the possibility of glass sliding down beams
Turning the ladder so that only one beam strikes the glass
generally used for reaching roofs of one story structures, windows on second floors, etc.
16 and 20 foot straight ladders
The 20-foot straight ladder can sometimes he used to reach the lowest __________________.
Fire escape balcony
When lifting and carrying the 16 and 20 straight ladder and transitioning the ladder so the ladder is on top of your shoulder in the horizontal position just before you throw it to your objective the shoes should be?
Slightly below eye level
Raising
- While in this position, slide inside hand along truss beam. Pass inside elbow back between body and rung, grasp rung which is against shoulder with ______ hand, ____ ______ against bottom beam.
Inside hand, little finger against bottom beam
“________” ladder as you approach objective so that shoes of ladder contact ground at base of objective.
Trombone
Lowering
Turn and face ladder, and with both hands, start to lower, using center of every rung. When one hand reaches the first rung past center, place other hand through the rungs in center of ladder, pivoting body _____ degrees. Grasp well forward on truss beam, lower ladder onto shoulder and walk off, pulling rung into shoulder.
180 degrees
Lowering to ground
Come to a complete stop, ______ foot to rear. With outside hand, grasp main beam with _____ between shoulder and rung, palm down. Hop ladder off shoulder, pivot __ degrees, and allow ladder to land on _______. Readjust outside hand to center of ladder; remove forearm, pivot 90 degrees, and using legs, lower ladder to park position. Do not ____ _____
Inside foot
Thumb
90 degrees
Forearm
Bend back
are used for reaching roofs of one-story buildings, windows on second floors, fire escape balconies, etc.
24’ straight
This ladder is normally raised by two members, however, in an emergency situation it may be raised by one member using 20 foot straight ladder evolutions.
24’ straight
Flat raise
- Place inside hand on top beam, forming a ______ grip, pivot _____ degrees on _______ foot and foot grounded beam with outside foot.
Baseball grip
180 degrees
Beam raise
Upon this command, top member places outside hand on second rung in front of body, _______________ against bottom beam. Inside arm remains in binding position.
Little finger
Extension ladders should normally be extended _____ _____ above windowsills or fire escape balcony railing, and a MINIMUM of ______ feet or more above parapet walls, roofs, etc.
One foot
Three feet or more
What should you never do when locking the fly of extension ladders
Reach through the rungs
he base of an extension ladder may be shifted toward the building or to either side after it is lowered in. DO NOT move the base away from the building unless the sections are_____ ______
Strapped together
Extension ladders can be taken apart to make two straight ladders, however it is not practical with ladders having a
Halyard
are useful for inside work and as a stepladder. These ladders are made in two seven-foot sections.
12 foot extension ladder
What kind of pike pole is carried on the 12 foot extension ladder?
Short D-handled pike pole attached to the fly
Lifting and carrying the 12
Fly section up, base to member’s _____, using _____ and _____ rungs from top, curl ladder, bring to near vertical. Using _____ ____ rungs, bend at the knees, back straight. Lock arms and straighten legs raising ladder slightly off the ground. To clear obstructions at rear, take ___ to __ steps forward and bring the ladder to horizontal carrying position. Base will be forward, main section against face, bottom beam on shoulder. Ladder is carried with both hands. Proper carrying angle is the center of bottom rung at ____ _____.
Right
Waist high rungs
3 to 4 steps
Eye level
Raising 12ex
- Place outside foot ___ to ____inches in front of ladder and parallel with rungs.
18 to 24’’
Raising 12ex
- Reach down with outside hand, palm up. Grasp _____ rung from bottom of fly, raise fly and engage locks on _____ rung from bottom of main section. As fly is raised, lean ladder ____ _______ body to allow locks to engage.
Third rung
Third rung
Away from body
Removing pike pole 12ex
With ________ hand, palm down, tightly grasp adjoining rungs of ____ and _____ section. With heel of other hand, free D-handle and remove pike pole. Replacing pike pole. Reverse procedure as removing.
Convenient hand
Fly and main
Returning to ground 12ex
With inside hand palm up, grasp ___ rung from top, against outside beam, remove outside hand from ladder, remove beam from shoulder, side step and pivot ladder ___ degrees
4th rung from the top
180 degrees
are useful for inside work. They are used to access attics through scuttle holes, can be made into stepladders, etc.
14’ extension ladders
14’ ext ladders are made up of?
2 9’ sections with a pike pole on fly section
Raising 14’ extension ladder
NOTE
Before extending ladder, remove ____ _____and set it against the wall or other convenient place, away from base of ladder.
Pike pole
Improvising step ladder 14ex
- Strap the ______ rungs from the top together with a ladder strap; raise ladder to an upright position
Second rungs
are used to reach roofs of one story structures, second floor windows, etc., and occasionally the lowest fire escape balconies. These ladders are made of two 12-foot sections.
20 foot extension ladder
Lifting and carrying 20ex
Main section up, base to member’s left, using _____ and ______ rungs from top, curl ladder, bring to near vertical.
Fourth and 6th rung
Returning to the ground 20ex
- With outside hand palm up, grasp _____ rung from top against outside beam, remove inside hand from ladder, remove beam from shoulder, sidestep and pivot ladder ____degrees.
6th rung
180 degrees
are used to reach fire escape balconies, roofs of two- and some three story buildings, second and third floor windows, etc.
35 foot extension
35 foot extension is made up of?
2 20’ foot sections
The 35’ ext ladder is normally raised by
3 members
Removing from truck 35 ex
Top and base member stand at ends of ladder, facing each other, with ______ foot forward. Grasp bottom of lower beam near end with ______ hand, ____ ____, with the outside hand, reach across and grasp end _____ near the center, thumbs up
Inside foot
inside hand, palm up
Rung
Removing from truck 35ext
- Center member takes position at ___ _____ of ladder, face direction ladder is to be carried. Grasp center of ________rung with inside hand, and top beam with ______ hand, _____ ____.
Top third
Convenient rung
Outside hand, palms up
When spotting and gaining control of 35 ext ladder the best way to facilitate this is to complete your steps not less than ____ or ____ feet from the objective
10 or 20 feet
35’ extension
9.All members foot ladder. Rear member foots only ____ beam; spans the beams shoulder high and allows ladder to lean slightly toward objective.
One beam
35’ ext
- _____ member pulls down on halyard to lock fly using hand on ______side.
Rear member
Footed side
35’ ext
Which member lowers the fly section when lowering the ladder
Front member, right side
NOTE
Because of the length and weight of the 35 foot extension ladder, it is considered a three member ladder. However, in some emergencies, it may be necessary for ____ members to raise the ladder.
Two members
35ex two member from truck
Top and base members stand at ends of ladder. While facing ladder, place foot forward that is ________ the direction of travel and grasp the center of the _____ and ______ rungs from top and base of ladder.
Opposite of travel
Second and third rungs
35 ex two member from truck
On command of base member, members pull ladder from apparatus and lower ladder to the thigh of the
Inside leg
35 ex two member from truck
Both members place in side arms between ______ and ______rungs at top and base of ladder. Hand forward so arm binds rung, grasp bottom______; weight is carried at arm’s length.
Second and third rung
Beam
35’ ext ladder two member
- Base member reaches objective and stops with ______ foot forward. Member withdraws arm from between rungs and grasps _____ rung in front of body with _____ finger against top beam.
Outside foot
First rung
Index finger
35 ex ladder two member
Caution
Injury may result if base member turns ladder ____.
Flat
35 ex ladder two member
- Top member, after ladder stops, places ______ hand on _______ rung in front of inside arm, little finger touching the top beam.______ hand grasps rung closest to the body with the little finger against the bottom beam.
Outside hand
Second rung
Inside
Roof ladders are __, __, ___, and __ feet in length. They have _______ ____ and are used for working on pitched roofs to distribute weight and to avoid slipping. They may also be used as a _______ ladder.
10, 12, 16, and 20
Collapsible hooks
Straight ladders
Roof ladders are carried the same manner as 16 and 20-foot straight ladders or 14- and 20-foot extension ladders. Hooks are generally carried to the
Rear
RAISING: 10, AND 12 FOOT (ONE MEMBER)
1. Member spots base of roof ladder against base of ______ _______; or base of ________.
2. Grasp _____ rung from hooks with one hand and open the hooks toward _______ SIDE OF BEAMS with other hand. To open hooks, grasp, push and turn.
Ground ladder or base of objective
Second rung
Straight side
Roof ladders
- Turn straight side down, raise and lean roof ladder against ground ladder, hooks ____ from ground ladder.
Away
Roof ladders 10, and 12
- Proceed up ground ladder, place arm between _____ and _____ or more ________rungs on roof ladder.
Second and third or more convenient rungs
Roof ladders 10, and 12
When ascending with roof ladder on ground ladder once you reach roof level on the ground ladder what should you do before you slider roof ladder up?
Lock in on ladder
When sliding roof ladder onto roof what direction should the hooks be?
Hood down
RAISING: 16 AND 20 FOOT (TWO MEMBER)
- Base member stops at ground ladder, foots roof ladder, _____ ___. Top member opens hooks, raises ladder and leans against edge of ground ladder, hooks ____
Rungs up
Hooks out
RAISING: 16 AND 20 FOOT (TWO MEMBER)
- As base member foots roof ladder, top member climbs ground ladder and places arm between_______ and ____ rungs of roof ladder.
Second and third
RAISING: 16 AND 20 FOOT (TWO MEMBER)
- Top member steadies roof ladder; base member climbs ground ladder until his/her head is even with _____ rung below feet of top member, places arm between _________ rungs of roof ladder.
Second rung
Convenient rungs
RAISING: 16 AND 20 FOOT (TWO MEMBER)
NOTE: When taking a roof ladder over a parapet wall or onto a flat portion of a multi pitched roof, top member may get off ground ladder and onto roof after base member has
Locked in
If the 16 or 20 roof ladder is used as a one member climb with arm between most convenient rungs slightly above _______ of ladder; the weight above the shoulder will facilitate sliding roof ladder onto the roof.
Middle
HOISTING ROOF
1. Two or more members obtain______ _____ and ______ _____; proceed to roof or window of upper floor.
Hose roller and equipment line
HOISTING ROOF
- Members on ground lay ladder in position to be hoisted, ______ _______; secure equipment line to ladder.
Rungs down
HOISTING ROOF
- Members on roof or in window hoist ladder; members on the ground turn ladder so equipment line will be between _______ and ______.
Ladder and objective
HOISTING ROOF
- When top of ladder is slightly above hose roller, member on roof passes bight of slack line between ______ and _______ rungs and hooks bight over end of _____; allows loop to lengthen as ladder is hoisted.
First and second
Beam
Hoisting roof
- Continue to hoist ladder; when ______ ______ reaches hose roller, member with loop break & ladder over hose roller.
Ladder knot
Hoisting roof
- Other members turn ladder ___ _____; pull in on roof.
On edge
HOISTING TO UPPERS FLOORS
5. When ____ of ladder is even with desired window, members at window grasp base of ladder, signal members aloft to_____. Pull base in window as ladder is lowered.
Base
Lower
Emergencies may arise where it is necessary to bridge between buildings to effectively continue operations. Only use ________ ladders for this purpose
Straight ladders
Bridging
- When ladder comes to rest on opposite windowsill, members at base turn ladder
Truss down
ALTERNATE METHOD OF BRIDGING
- When base of ladder is even with desired window, members at window grasp base of ladder and turn top of ladder between ______ and______. Signal members aloft to lower, and pull base in window as ladder is lowered.
NOTE
Rope leads over top rung.
Rope and building
