Volcanoes Flashcards by Michael Upfold | Brainscape

Q

Pinatubo 12-15th June 1991

Died:

Evac:

Resettled:

A

1991

350 (300 buildings) —- grew to 800+

58000

200000

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Q

Pinatubo 12-15th June 1991

VEI

Ash height/spread

Effect of ash

A

VEI 6

Ash 30km high, 10cm within 600km

80000 hectares farmland

Starvation

Global temp. Down 1• for 5 years

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Q

Pinatubo 12-15 June 1991

Cost

A

$711.4 million

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Q

Pinatubo 12-15th June 1991

Monitoring

A

Pinatubo Volcano Observatory

Hazard Map

Video showing nuee ardents

Manila Airport closed

Simplified Comms 0-6

58000 evac (US CLARK AIR BASE)

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Q

Mount St Helens 1980

Died

Where

A

57 killed (poisonous gas)

Cascade Ridge

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Q

Mount St Helens 1980

Short Term effects

Environmental

A

Floodwater washed bridges

Ash ruined 12% crop

250km2 forest destroyed

250km rivers destroyed (trout/salmon)
|_> jobs and money lost

All wildlife gone within 27km north

Trees destroyed (10 million replanted)

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Q

Mount St Helens 1980

Short term effects

Social

A

Ele/comms

Inaccessible to tourists

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Q

Mount St Helens 1980

Response

A

Helicopters

2 million gas masks

Ash off roads in 3 days

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Q

Mount St Helens 1980

Monitoring

A

Gas emissions

Deformation

‘Spiders’ (continuous GPS)

Webcams

Infrared (helicopters)

Petrological (rocks)

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Q

Eldfell 1973

Assumption

A

Thought extinct

Assumed seismic activity Katla

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Q

Eldfell 1973

Eruption type

A

1600m fissure (40 lava fountains)

Then main crater 100m3/sec material

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Q

Eldfell 1973

Damage

A

1 death

400 homes

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Q

Eldfell 1973

Management

A

Brushed ash off roofs

Sea water (43 pumps)

Saved port

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Q

Nevado del Ruiz 1985

Where

A

Colombia

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Q

Nevado del Ruiz 1985

Impact (lahar)

A

Melting of snowcaps

22000 killed @ Armero

45km/hr

60% livestock

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Q

Nevado del Ruiz 1985

Monitoring (unfortunate)

A

Hazard map meant to be presented day after!

Q

Mount Pelee 5th May 1902

Where

What

A

Martinique

Nuee ardents

Q

Mount Pelee 5th May 1902

Impact

A

Nuee ardents hit Port St Pierre

190km/hr

Killed all 29000 (but 2 prisoners)

30th August another killed 2000 more

Q

Mount Pelee 5th May 1902

Why so many?

A

Gov kept from evacuating as election on 10th May

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Where

What

VEI

A

Iceland

250 million m3 ash (10km upward)
|_> Polar Jet Stream

VEI 4

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Why so powerful?

A

Ice caps melted

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Local Impacts

A

Yeh fluoride caused haemorrhaging of livestock

Main road had to be breached (save money)

Fresh fish export affected (loss of income)

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Europe Impacts

A

1 day 1000 Heathrow flights
|_> 11.7% drop in air passengers

400000 Britons stranded

Transplant delieveries unable to be made

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Global Impacts

A

Norway PM run from NY

Q

Eyjafjallajokul March 2010

Positives from Impacts

A

Channel tunnel used more

Less air traffic
|_> noise and 2.8 million tonnes less CO2

Q

Soufriere Hills 1997

Where

Risk

A

Leeward Island Chain

Montserrat

19 active volcanoes in chain

Q

Soufriere Hills 1997

Primary Impacts

A

Agricultural land destroyed (5.4%GDP)

Nuee ardents destroyed capital (Plymouth)

19 killed in exclusion zone

0.5km3 magma between 1995-2005

Q

Soufriere Hills 1997

Secondary impacts

A

Lahars

Contaminated water

Outmigration (undermined community)
|_> 1990=10728. 2000=6409. (40%)

W H Bramble terminal collapsed

Before 40000 tourists per year

Q

Soufriere Hills 1997

Management

A

Exclusion zone (uninhabitable @ least 10 years)

Central zone (residential but hardhats and masks)

Hazard maps

Gov to Brades Estate (EU £6.5 million)

GPS and Mont. Vol. Obs. 24/7 monitor

Volcano siren tested every day