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geology 209 > volcanoes > Flashcards

volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

definition

fissure (effusive) eruption

A

eruption occurs through linear fissures, passive lava flow of basaltic magma, shield volcano

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2
Q

definition

cental vent eruption

A

explosive eruption localized at vent, powerful flow of felsic magmas, ash plume, composite volcano

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3
Q

volcanic deposits from explosive eruptions

A

ash plume (ejecta cloud), ash fall, pyroclastic flow deposit (hazardous >100km/hr flow of hot gasses)

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4
Q

fissure (effusive) eruptions

examples

A

Icelandic, Hawaiian

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5
Q

explosive eruptions

examples

A

Plinian eruption, Vulcanian eruption (St. Helens), Pelean eruption, Strombolian eruption (Italy)

from most powerful to least

Plinian’s ash plume reaches into the stratosphere and blocks sunlight

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6
Q

what causes explosive versus effusive eruptions

A
  1. composition of magma
  2. viscosity of magma
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7
Q

interplate volcanoes

A

mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, continental rifts

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8
Q

intraplate volcanoes

A

mantle plume (hot spots)

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9
Q

stratovolcano

also composite volcano

A

distinct crater, alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments (ash and solidified lava of varying composition), felsic to intermediate, viscous lava flows

from explosive eruptions

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10
Q

stratovolcano

tephra

A

layers of ash from previous eruptions

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11
Q

shield volcanoes

A

small vents at the top, mafic magma chambers, low viscosity basaltic flows,

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12
Q

locations (tectonic)

effusive eruptions

A

mid-ocean ridges, hotspots, continental rifts

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13
Q

location

explosive eruptions

A

subduction zones, water (silica) rich minerals tend to more viscous magma

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14
Q

pillow lavas

A

form at mid-ocean ridge volcanoes when basalt erupts under water

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15
Q

Pahoehoe lava flow

A

ropey lava, low volume flow, slow, quiet, smooth surfaces when cooled, low viscosity

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16
Q

Aa lava flow

A

crumbly, rubble-like lava, large volume flow, fast flow, viscous, rough surface composed of clinkers

clinkers are loud (think breaking glass)

17
Q

hot spot track

A

forms as plate moves on top of a stationary mantle plume, begin as submarine volcanoes, shield volcanoes form once islands emerge from water

18
Q

eruption occurs through linear fissures, passive lava flow of basaltic magma, shield volcano

A

definition

fissure (effusive) eruption

19
Q

explosive eruption localized at vent, powerful flow of felsic magmas, ash plume, composite volcano

A

definition

cental vent eruption

20
Q

ash plume (ejecta cloud), ash fall, pyroclastic flow deposit (hazardous >100km/hr flow of hot gasses)

A

volcanic deposits from explosive eruptions

21
Q

Icelandic, Hawaiian

A

fissure (effusive) eruptions

examples

22
Q

Plinian eruption, Vulcanian eruption (St. Helens), Pelean eruption, Strombolian eruption (Italy)

from most powerful to least

Plinian’s ash plume reaches into the stratosphere and blocks sunlight

A

explosive eruptions

examples

23
Q
  1. composition of magma
  2. viscosity of magma
A

what causes explosive versus effusive eruptions

24
Q

mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, continental rifts

A

interplate volcanoes

25
Q

mantle plume (hot spots)

A

intraplate volcanoes

26
Q

distinct crater, alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments (ash and solidified lava of varying composition), felsic to intermediate, viscous lava flows

from explosive eruptions

A

stratovolcano

also composite volcano

27
Q

layers of ash from previous eruptions

A

stratovolcano

tephra

28
Q

small vents at the top, mafic magma chambers, low viscosity basaltic flows,

A

shield volcanoes

29
Q

mid-ocean ridges, hotspots, continental rifts

A

locations

effusive eruptions

30
Q

subduction zones, water (silica) rich minerals tend to more viscous magma

A

location

explosive eruptions

31
Q

form at mid-ocean ridge volcanoes when basalt erupts under water

A

pillow lavas

32
Q

ropey lava, low volume flow, slow, quiet, smooth surfaces when cooled, low viscosity

A

Pahoehoe lava flow

33
Q

crumbly, rubble-like lava, large volume flow, fast flow, viscous, rough surface composed of clinkers

clinkers are loud (think breaking glass)

A

Aa lava flow

34
Q

forms as plate moves on top of a stationary mantle plume, begin as submarine volcanoes, shield volcanoes form once islands emerge from water

A

hot spot track

geology 209 (8 decks)

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