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geology 209 > sedimentary rocks > Flashcards

sedimentary rocks Flashcards

1
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

form from sediments (mineral grains) deposited in water or air

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2
Q

clastic sediments

A

form through breaking down pre-existing rock

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3
Q

chemical sediments

A

form from directly precipitating from solution

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4
Q

biochemical sediments

A

minerals precipitated by mediation of organisms from solution

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5
Q

formation

clastic (detrital) sedimentary rock

A

weathering, erosion (transport), depostion, lithification

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6
Q

types of weathering

physical weathering

A

jointing, frost wedging, root wedging (biological weathering), exfoliation (thermal expansion)

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7
Q

types of weathering

chemical weathering

A

results primarily from the ability of water to dissolve rocks and minerals

H₂O + CO₂ = H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) can dissolve minerals

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8
Q

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

grain size

A

gets smaller as time passes and with transportation away from source region of sediments

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9
Q

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

immature sediment

A

coarse, angular, very poorly sorted

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10
Q

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

mature sediments

A

fine-grained, rounded, very well sorted (grain size becomes more uniform)

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11
Q

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

classification by size

A
  • > 2mm: breccia (angular), conglomerate (rounded)
  • 0.0625-2mm: sandstone
  • < 0.0625mm: siltstone, shale, mudstone
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12
Q

chemical (inorganic) sedimentary rocks

A

an evaporite is deposit containing minerals that precipitated from an aqueous solution as a result of mineral saturation through evaporation

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13
Q

chemical sedimentary rocks

example

A

banded iron formations: related to excess iron ions becoming oxidized during the Great Oxygenation Event; usually banded with iron-rich and silica-rich (chert) layers

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14
Q

biochemical sedimentary rocks

example

A
  • limestone - calcite/aragonite
  • chalk - consists of shells of billions of microscopic calcareous organisms, coccoliths
  • chert - aka flint, small particles of silica from shells of microscopic Radiolarian, microscopic quartz
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15
Q

sedimentary structures

bedding plane

A

made up of layers (bed/strata), shows pause in deposition and change of conditions

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16
Q

sedimentary structures

graded bedding

A

grain size variation within bed, coarse sediments at bottom, fine sediments at top, indicates change in the energy of deposition, used as a way up indicator

17
Q

sedimentary structures

cross-bedding

A

layers existing at high angles to other layers, truncation: cutting of one set of layers by younger ones

18
Q

sedimentary structures

bioturbation

A

burrows and trackways by organisms, can destroy structure and affect texture of sediments

19
Q

trace fossils

A

a record of activity of organisms in the depositional environment

20
Q

form from sediments (mineral grains) deposited in water or air

A

sedimentary rocks

21
Q

form through breaking down pre-existing rock

A

clastic sediments

22
Q

form from directly precipitating from solution

A

chemical sediments

23
Q

minerals precipitated by mediation of organisms from solution

A

biochemical sediments

24
Q

weathering, erosion (transport), depostion, lithification

A

formation

clastic (detrital) sedimentary rock

25
Q

jointing, frost wedging, root wedging (biological weathering), exfoliation (thermal expansion)

A

types of weathering

physical weathering

26
Q

results primarily from the ability of water to dissolve rocks and minerals

H₂O + CO₂ = H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) can dissolve minerals

A

types of weathering

chemical weathering

27
Q

gets smaller as time passes and with transportation away from source region of sediments

A

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

grain size

28
Q

coarse, angular, very poorly sorted

A

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

immature sediment

29
Q

fine-grained, rounded, very well sorted (grain size becomes more uniform)

A

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

mature sediments

30
Q
  • > 2mm: breccia (angular), conglomerate (rounded)
  • 0.0625-2mm: sandstone
  • < 0.0625mm: siltstone, shale, mudstone
A

features of clastic sedimentary rocks

classification by size

31
Q

an evaporite is deposit containing minerals that precipitated from an aqueous solution as a result of mineral saturation through evaporation

A

chemical (inorganic) sedimentary rocks

32
Q

banded iron formations: related to excess iron ions becoming oxidized during the Great Oxygenation Event; usually banded with iron-rich and silica-rich (chert) layers

A

chemical sedimentary rocks

example

33
Q
  • limestone - calcite/aragonite
  • chalk - consists of shells of billions of microscopic calcareous organisms, coccoliths
  • chert - aka flint, small particles of silica from shells of microscopic Radiolarian, microscopic quartz
A

biochemical sedimentary rocks

example

34
Q

made up of layers (bed/strata), shows pause in deposition and change of conditions

A

sedimentary structures

bedding plane

35
Q

grain size variation within bed, coarse sediments at bottom, fine sediments at top, indicates change in the energy of deposition, used as a way up indicator

A

sedimentary structures

graded bedding

36
Q

layers existing at high angles to other layers, truncation: cutting of one set of layers by younger ones

A

sedimentary structures

cross-bedding

37
Q

burrows and trackways by organisms, can destroy structure and affect texture of sediments

A

sedimentary structures

bioturbation

38
Q

a record of activity of organisms in the depositional environment

A

trace fossils

geology 209 (8 decks)

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