Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PC3 > Vol.3-Ch.5 "Immunology" > Flashcards

Vol.3-Ch.5 "Immunology" Flashcards

1
Q

How long does it take for anaphylaxis to take effect?

A

It usually begins in 30-60 seconds, but a very small % see symptoms over an hour later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two most common causes of fatal anaphylaxis?

A 
Parenteral Pinicillin (1st common)
Hymenoptera (bee/wasp stings) (2nd common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Components of the immune system can be found in what other systems?

A

blood
bone marrow
lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cellular immunity VS humoral immunity?

A

Cellular Immunity: is when there is a direct attack on the foreign substance by specialized cells and they actually engulf and deactivate the offending agents

Humoral Immunity: Involves a chemical attack on an invading substance using antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What special immune system cell creates antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)?

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 different classes of antibodies aka immunoglobulins (Igs)?

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an antigen?
Most antigens are _____?
Antibodies ____ themselves to antigens to facilitate removal of the antigen by other cells of the immune system.

A

Any substance capable of inducing an immune response

Most antigens are proteins

Antibodies attach themselves to antigens to facilitate removal of the antigen by other cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary VS Secondary Response

A

Primary response is the initial exposure to an antigen and therefore there are no specialized cells for that specific antigen. Generalized antibodies (IgG and IgM) are released to help fight the antigens but could take several days to fight off.

Secondary response is the second exposure to an antigen but this time there are specialized antibodies (antigen-specific antibody) for that specific antigen so the response and neutralization of the antigen is must faster and more efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Natural Immunity VS Acquired Immunity

A

Natural Immunity: (innate immunity) is present at birth, everyone has some innate immunity

Acquired Immunity: develops over time from exposure to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Naturally Acquired Immunity VS Induced Active Immunity

A

Naturally Acquired Immunity: Begins after birth and is continually enhanced by exposure to new pathogens and antigens over a life span

Induced Active Immunity: (artificially acquired immunity) achieved through vaccination and provides relative protection against an infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Active Immunity VS Passive Immunity

both are acquired immunity

A

Active Immunity: occurs following exposure to an antigen and results in the production of antibodies specific for the antigen.

Passive Immunity: the administration of antibodies to provide protection until the active immunity kicks in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Natural Passive Immunity VS Induced Passive Immunity

A

Natural passive immunity: occurs when antibodies cross the placental barrier from the mother to enfant

Induced Passive Immunity: is the administration of antibodies to an individual to help fight infection or prevent diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the initial exposure of an individual to an antigen called?

A

Sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypersensitivity = ?

A

Allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of hypersensitivity (aka allergy)?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity: is a result of cellular immunity and doesn’t involve antibodies. It takes place for hours or days and usually results in a rash. Example = poison ivy

Immediate Hypersensitivity: classic thought of an allergy, involves a large presence of IgE antibodies that get released when a specific antibody is present (drugs, food, animals, insects, fungi/mold, radiology contrast materials) and is usually genetically passed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The large presence of what antibody is released when an antigen is introduced and what is that antigen called that is able to cause the release of that antibody?

A

IgE ; when a specific antigen causes the release of a load of IgE it is considered an Allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 families of Hymenoptera?

A 
Fire ants (Formicoidea)
Wasps/Yellow Jackets/ and Hornets (Vespidae)
Honey Bees (Apoidea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do the IgE antibodies aid in the immune response specifically?

A

After the allergen (specific antigen) is detected, a large quantitiy of IgE get released that immediately attach to basophils and mast cells. Then the antigen binds to the IgE antibody that is already attached to a basophil or mast cell and this causes a reaction that leads to the basophils and mast cells releasing histamine, heparin, and other substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What category of cells can mast cells and basophils be put into? why?

A

They are Granulocytes because they store histamine and heparin in granules and in order to release it they must Degranulate

20
Q

When mast cells and basophils degranulate they release what? and cause what?

A

they release histamine, heparin, and other substances which result in an Allergic Reaction (which can be mild or severe)

21
Q

Histamines cause what 4 things?

what is the main goal they are trying to achieve by these 4 reactions?

A

They cause:

  • bronchoconstriction (try to keep antigen out of lungs)
  • increased intestinal motility (trying to move antigen quickly through the GI tract to reduce absorption)
  • vasodilation
  • Increased vascular permeability ( last two are trying to remove allergen from circulation where it can do the most harm)

The main goal is to minimize the bodies exposure to the antigen/allergin

22
Q

Why can an allergic reaction cause angioneurotic edema aka angioedema?

Where is this effect normally seen?

A

it causes it b/c one of the effects of histamine is increased vascular permeability which causes fluids to leak into the interstitial spaces.

Usually seen as a swollen head, neck, face, and upper airway (not upper airway as this means you may have to intubate quickly)

in severe cases like anaphylaxis the edema can leak enough fluids that enough blood plasma (mostly water) is lost that it can cause hypovolemic shock

23
Q

What are the 4 classes of histamines? Where are they located and what are the major biological effects?

A

H1 - is in Smooth muscle and Endothelial cells; acute allergic reactions

H2 - is in gastric parietal cells ; secretion of gastric acid

H3 - in the Central Nervous System ; modulation of neurotransmission

H4 - in Mast cells, Eosinophils, T cells ; regulates immune response

24
Q

Why is anaphylaxis more common with injected drugs and bee stings?

A

Because it usually occurs when a specific allergen is INJECTED directly into circulation. Since it goes straight into circulation is spreads much master

25
Q

What specific substance is also released along side histamine and heparin via the basophils and mast cells that causes spasms of the bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Slow-Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis
AKA
SRS-A

26
Q

What symptoms can be seen in the Skin due to Anaphylaxis? (5)

(will ask over, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and Nervous systems)

A

SKIN:

  • Flushing
  • Itching
  • Hives
  • Swelling
  • Cyanosis
27
Q

What symptoms can be seen in the Respiratory system due to Anaphylaxis? (6)

(will ask over, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and Nervous systems)

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

  • Respiration Difficulty
  • Sneezing/Coughing
  • Wheezing/Stridor
  • Laryngeal Edema
  • Laryngospasm
  • Bronchospasm

Pay particular attention to the worsening condition of this system, edema may start out causing just a hoarse voice but can turn into stridor and then into complete closure of the airway. You may have to intubate quickly!

28
Q

What symptoms can be seen in the Cardiovascular System due to Anaphylaxis? (3)

(will ask over, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and Nervous systems)

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

  • Vasodilation
  • Increased heart rate
  • Decreased blood pressure
29
Q

What symptoms can be seen in the GI system due to Anaphylaxis? (3)

(will ask over, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and Nervous systems)

A

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM:

  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Abdominal cramping
  • Diarrhea
30
Q

What symptoms can be seen in the Nervous System due to Anaphylaxis? (4)

(will ask over, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, and Nervous systems)

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM:

  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Convulsions
  • Tearing
31
Q

How do you remove a stinger still present in the Pt?

A

scrape it off

32
Q

What are the main 6 medicines that may be used to treat anaphylaxis?

What is the primary drug used in anaphylaxis treatment?

A
  • oxygen (still first one given)
  • epinephrine (primary drug used though)
  • antihistamines (Benadryl)
  • corticosteroids (Solu-Medrol)
  • vasopressors (mannitol)
  • beta- agonists (Albuterol, Atrovent, atropine)

Epinephrine is the MAIN drug used in treatment of anaphylaxis

33
Q

Why is epinephrine so important in anaphylaxis?

A

It is a sympathetic agonist so it increases heart rate, contractibility/force of contractions, and peripheral vasoconstriction.

It also aids in reversing some of the bronchospasms and capillary permeability caused by histamines.

NOTE: It is actually because it has the ability to make mast cells not degranulate so it stops it at the source as opposed to Benadryl which is just stopping the histamines, but after they are released

34
Q

How is epinephrine 1:10,000 given in anaphylaxis?

A

Epi 1:10K contains 1mg of epi in 10mL of solvent.

Adult = 0.1 - 0.35mg IV
Children = 0.01mg/kg IV

The effects wear off in 3-5 minutes so repeat boluses are probably going to be required

For long transports, medical control may authorize a drip or transfusion

35
Q

What drug should be given following Epi?

How do they work?

A

An antihistamine should be given only following epi.

They act by BLOCKING histamine receptors. They DO NOT displace histamines already acting on a histamine receptors. They can also reduce the amount of histamine given off by basophils or mast cells.

36
Q

What is the most common antihistamines to give?

How much?

A

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Adult = 25-50mg IV or IM
Children = 1-2mg/kg
It NONSELECTIVELY blocks H1 AND H2 receptors (histamine receptors)

** must be pushed SLOW when given via IV

37
Q

What is an alternative to diphenhydramine?

why would it be less desireable?

A

Hydroxyzine, but it can only be given IM

38
Q

What are the 2 main H2 specific blockers?

What do they do?

A

Cimetidine (Tagamet) - 300mg
Ranitidine (Zantac) - 50mg
**admin slow over 3-5 minutes

They are usually used to treat ulcer disease as they reduce gastric secretions by blocking H2 receptors.

(H2 receptors are also in peripheral blood vessels and blocking them can reverse some of the vasodilation in anaphylaxis)

39
Q

Why are corticosteroids used in treatment of anaphylaxis?

What are the 3 common ones?

A

They help reduce the inflammatory response over time

  • Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
  • Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef)
  • Dexamethasone (Decadron)
40
Q

Why are vasopressors used in anaphylaxis?

What are the 3 used?

A

In cases of anaphylaxis where blood pressure is consistently low even after aggressive fluid resuscitation, a potent vasopressor may need to be used. These can be dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine prepared as a an infusion to continuously support BP and cardiac output

41
Q

What is the adult and ped dose of Albuterol (Proventil ; Ventolin)

A 
Adult = 2.5mg inhaled
Ped = 0.2-0.5ml inhaled
42
Q

What are the 3 other agents that don’t fit in the other categories and when might they help?

A

Vasopressin : may help with a hypotensive Pt

Atropine : may benefit the bradycardic Pt

Glucagon : should be given to the Pt who is unresponsive to epi, especially if they are on beta blockers

43
Q

What are the common symptoms involved with an allergic reaction (not anaphylaxis), which are normally gradual

A
  • itching
  • rash
  • urticaria (hives)
44
Q

What medication is usually administered in an allergic reaction (not anaphylaxis)?

What if urticaria (hives) is present?

A

Usually just oxygen and or diphendyramine is required in a non severe allergic reaction.

However, if Urticaria (hives) and or wheezing is present then the administration of Epi 1:1,000 is usually necessary (following diphenhydramine)

45
Q

Epi 1:1,000 VS Epi 1:10,000? (when to use which)

A

1: 1k is 1mg in 1mL and given IM for non-severe allergic reactions with urticaria (hives) and or wheezing. Since its IM it will absorb slowly and take effect over a longer period of time
1: 10K is 1mg in 10mL and is given IV for severe allergic reactions aka anaphylaxis (Adult = 0.1 - 0.35mg IV ; Children = 0.01mg/kg IV)

PC3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions