Vol.3-Ch.12 "Diseases of the Eyes, Ears, Nose, & Throat"

Question 1

How many muscles control eye movement?

What is substance that is secreted by glands around the eye to keep the eyelids soft and pliable.

What membrane protects the exposed surface of the eye? (Besides the combo of eyelashes and eyelids)

Answer 1

The 6 extraocular muscles control eye movement

Sebum is an oily substance secreted onto the eyelids to keep them soft and pliable

Conjunctiva Covers and protects the exposed surface of the eyeball

Question 2

What are the 2 distinct fluid filled cavities of the Globe of the eye and what fluids are in them?

Answer 2

Globes of the eye consist of:

• The Anterior Cavity:
  In front of the lens that contains AQUEOUS HUMOR
  (a waterlike fluid that surrounds the iris, pupil, and
  lens. The Anterior Cavity contains ALSO has it’s own
  anterior and posterior cavity, both filled with Aqueous
  Humor.
• The Posterior Cavity
  Behind the lens and contains VITREOUS HUMOR, a
  clear jellylike fluid that fills the entire vitreous cavity

Question 3

What are the 3 Layers of the Eye?

Answer 3

• SCLERA: (The “White of the Eye”)
  Tough, Fibrous, Protective Tissue. The anterior
  portion of this is called the SCLERA which allows light
  to pass into the eye and onto the retina.
• CHOROID:
  Is a highly vascular tissue that provides essential
  nutrients to the tissues of the eye. Contains both the
  Pupil and the Iris. It is the Iris that controls the size of
  the Pupil. Right behind the pupil is the Lens which
  focuses the incoming light onto the retina. The shape
  of the lens can actually be changed by Ciliary Muscles
  that surround the lens to precisely focus the incoming
  image.
• RETINA:
  Contains Nerve Endings that receive and interpret the incoming image and has 2 types of light sensing receptors. RODS = effective in dim light and cant perceive color. CONES = are more effective in bright light and do perceive color

Question 4

What is a Sty? (External Hordeolum)

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 4

It is an infection of the eyelid that results from blockage of the oil glands associated with an eyelash.

Question 5

What is a Chalazion? (Internal Hordeolum)

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 5

It is inflammation or infection that results from blockage of one of the Meibomian Glands in the tarsal plate of the eyelid. Those glands produce the fluid that lubricate the eyelids

Question 6

What is Conjunctivitis?
What are the 3 causes?

(Medical Condition of the Eye)

Answer 6

Conjunctivitis is an infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. This is caused 3 major ways:

• Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
  “pink eye” and is often passed from eye, to hand, to
  eye
• Viral Conjunctivitis:
  Far more common than bacterial
• Allergic Conjunctivitis:
  seasonal and is caused by pollen and or antigens

Question 7

What is Pterygium?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 7

A conjunctival condition characterized by a raised, wedge-shaped growth of the conjunctiva.

Question 8

What is Iritis?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 8

AKA Uveitis

It is a swelling and irritation of the middle layer of the eye (choroiditis if posterior or iritis if anterior)

Question 9

What is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 9

An infection or inflammation of the cornea that results from the herpes simplex virus.

This is the most common cause of Corneal Blindness

Question 10

What is Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 10

When Herpes Zoster (shingles) affects the eye. It can inflame and infect the tissue supplied by the nerve root.

Question 11

What are Corneal Ulcers?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 11

Mostly caused by an infections of the cornea by an infectious agent that breaks through the epithelial border of the cornea. Typically causing painful red eye, tearing, and photophobia.

This is sight-threatening

Question 12

What is Cellulitis?
What are the 2 types?

(Medical Condition of the Eye)

Answer 12

Infection of the soft tissues surrounding the eye and is sight and life threatening

• Periorbital Cellulitis:
  Is cellulitis that has not yet breached the orbital
  septum. The orbital septum is what separates the
  anterior and posterior portions of the eye. Symptoms
  are usually found in the eyelids being swollen, red,
  and warm
• Orbital Cellulitis:
  Cellulitis that has entered the orbital septum. this can
  cause protrusion of the eye and inability to move to
  the eye b/c of swelling and infection on the
  extraocular movement

Question 13

What is Atraumatic Hyphema?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 13

It is the collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye from nontraumatic causes. The most common of these reasons is Sickle Cell Disease.

Question 14

What is Glaucoma?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 14

It is actually a combination of issues and is the SECOND MOST common cause of blindness.

It involves an increase of pressure within the eye that results in damage to the optic nerve. It results from the blockage of the flow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber resulting in the increase of pressure in the anterior chamber.

Two types:

• Angle Closure Glaucoma:
  when the outflow of aqueous humor is suddenly
  blocked causing severe rapid IOP
• Open Angle Glaucoma:
  the most common form of glaucoma; is when the
  pressure increases over time.

Question 15

What is a Cataract?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 15

A clouding of the lens of the eye; associated with aging and is the result of breakdown of proteins within the lens

Question 16

What is Optic Neuritis?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 16

Inflammation of the optic nerve, typically resulting from an autoimmune disease.

Question 17

What is Papilledema?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 17

It is a condition secondary to increased intracranial pressure and is the swelling of the optic disk.

The optic disk is the region of they retina where fibers of the optic nerve enter the eye; it is a small circular structure that contains no rods or cones.

Question 18

What is Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

What is Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

(Medical Condition of the Eye)

Answer 18

They are the occlusion of one of the small arteries or veins that supply or drain the Retina.

Question 19

What is Retinal Detachment?

Medical Condition of the Eye

Answer 19

It is a separation of the retina rom the supporting structures.

Question 20

What is the most common diabetes mellitus related eye complication?

Answer 20

Diabetic Retinopathy, which is damage and death of certain cells and structures including small blood vessels within the retina

Question 21

What are the 3 regions of the Ear?

Answer 21

• External Ear:
  The part of the ear readily visible. The pinna or
  Auricle is that big outer ear that catches sounds. Then
  it directs sounds into the external auditory canal
  through the external auditory meatus to contact the
  tympanic membrane. The canal contains protective
  Cerumen (Earwax).
• Middle Ear:
  The part that contains the auditory Ossicles which are
  the 3 small bones that join together and function to
  amplify sound waves received from the tympanic
  membrane. The 3 bones are called the MALLEUS,
  INCUS, and STAPES. The middle ear is connected to
  the pharynx by the Eustachian tube which allows for
  equalization of pressure
• Inner Ear:
  Separated from middle by the Oval Window. The bony labyrinth (the collection of tubes and chamber that protects to the receptors for hearing and equilibrium) contain a fluid called Endolymph and can be divided into 3 major parts:
  a) Vestibule - contains membranous sacs that sense
  gravity and linear acceleration
  b) Semicircular Canal - Detect rotation of the head
  c) Cochlea - spiral shaped structure that provides
  sense of hearing

Question 22

What is Impacted Cerumen?

Medical Condition of the Ear

Answer 22

It is when there is excess Cerumen (earwax) and it plugs the auditory canal

Question 23

What are the 2 types of hear infections?

Medical Condition of the Ear

Answer 23

• Otitis Externa:
  “Swimmer’s Ear”; is inflammation, irritation, or infection
  of the outer ear and/or the external auditory canal.
  There is a severe form called Malignant Otitis Externa
  that involves the infection spreading to the bones and
  cartilage at the base of the skull.
• Otitis Media:
  Anything that causes blockage of the Eustachian tube
  can cause otitis media which is an bacterial or viral
  infection of the middle ear.

Question 24

What is Mastoiditis?

Answer 24

It is infection or inflammation of the mastoid bone at the base of the skull, this is usually secondary to an infection in the middle ear.

Question 25

What is Labyrinthitis?

Medical Condition of the Ear

Answer 25

Swelling and irritation of the inner ear, and is usually secondary to an infection in the middle ear. Inflammation here can cause vertigo, involuntary eye movement, dizziness, loss of balance, and treatment may involve antiemetics or benzos

Question 26

What separates the external ear from the middle ear?

Answer 26

The tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 27

What is Meniere’s Disease?

Medical Condition of the Ear

Answer 27

A disease of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing and occurs when the labyrinth of the inner ear becomes swollen. S&S usually involve acute and severe vertigo and dizziness, severe nausea and vomiting, and unilateral hearing loss.

Question 28

Where do 90% of nose bleeds originate from?

Answer 28

Kiesselbach’s Plexus

A network of 4 arteries located in the anteroinferior region of the nasal septum

Question 29

What are the 4 nasal sinuses?

Answer 29

Frontal, ethmoid, Sphenoid, & maxillary

Question 30

What is Epistaxis?

Medical Condition of the Nose

Answer 30

It is a nose bleed.

There are two categories:
- Anterior which are the most common and arise from the Kiesselbach’s Plexus

• Posterior and tend to bleed more, also this is more prone to draining into the throat and causing nausea and possibly vomiting b/c the blood irritates the stomach

These are treated by either pinching the nose or using a nasal tampon

Question 31

What is Rhinitis?

Medical Condition of the Nose

Answer 31

Inflammation of the nose. Can occur from allergies but mostly arises secondary to Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. It is much more common in infants than any other age.

Question 32

What is Sinusitis?

Medical Condition of the Ear

Answer 32

Infection or inflammation of the sinuses. Can be bacterial, viral, or from allergies.

Question 33

What is pharyngitis/tonsillitis?

Medical Condition of the Throat

Answer 33

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis are common infections and often occur together. This can often occur secondary to Group A Streptococcus (Strep Throat)

Question 34

What is Oral Candidiasis?

Medical Condition of the Throat

Answer 34

AKA Thrush

Is a fungal (yeast) infection of the mouth, most often in infants, diabetics, AIDS pts, and side effect of antibiotics. The pt will have a white or cream colored deposit on mucous membranes.

Question 35

What is a Peritonsillar Abscess?

Medical Condition of the Throat

Answer 35

It is a collection of infected material (pus) in the area around the tonsils. This can become life threatening when the infection spreads over the roof of the mouth, to the neck and chest, and then to the lungs causing possible blockage of the airway.

Question 36

What is Ludwig’s Angina?

Medical Condition of the Throat

Answer 36

A type of oral bacterial cellulitis, or inflammation, that involves the floor of the mouth under the tongue. It often occurs secondary to an infection of the roots of the teeth or a mouth injury. It is uncommon in children. This can be life threatening b/c onset can be quick and cause swelling that occludes the airway.

One unique symptoms is the unusual sound the person makes when trying to talk that sounds like they have a “hot potato” in their mouth.

Question 37

Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Tracheitis are all infections of which organs?

(Medical Conditions of the Throat)

Answer 37

Epiglottis = inflammation or infection of the epiglottis

Laryngitis = inflammation or infection of the larynx

Tracheitis = inflammation or infection of the trachea

Question 38

What is Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome (TMJ)?

Medical Condition of the Throat

Answer 38

Results from problems with the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible (jaw) causing difficulty biting or chewing and malocclusion of the teeth.