Vol.3-Ch.12 "Diseases of the Eyes, Ears, Nose, & Throat" Flashcards
How many muscles control eye movement?
What is substance that is secreted by glands around the eye to keep the eyelids soft and pliable.
What membrane protects the exposed surface of the eye? (Besides the combo of eyelashes and eyelids)
The 6 extraocular muscles control eye movement
Sebum is an oily substance secreted onto the eyelids to keep them soft and pliable
Conjunctiva Covers and protects the exposed surface of the eyeball
What are the 2 distinct fluid filled cavities of the Globe of the eye and what fluids are in them?
Globes of the eye consist of:
- The Anterior Cavity:
In front of the lens that contains AQUEOUS HUMOR
(a waterlike fluid that surrounds the iris, pupil, and
lens. The Anterior Cavity contains ALSO has it’s own
anterior and posterior cavity, both filled with Aqueous
Humor. - The Posterior Cavity
Behind the lens and contains VITREOUS HUMOR, a
clear jellylike fluid that fills the entire vitreous cavity
What are the 3 Layers of the Eye?
- SCLERA: (The “White of the Eye”)
Tough, Fibrous, Protective Tissue. The anterior
portion of this is called the SCLERA which allows light
to pass into the eye and onto the retina. - CHOROID:
Is a highly vascular tissue that provides essential
nutrients to the tissues of the eye. Contains both the
Pupil and the Iris. It is the Iris that controls the size of
the Pupil. Right behind the pupil is the Lens which
focuses the incoming light onto the retina. The shape
of the lens can actually be changed by Ciliary Muscles
that surround the lens to precisely focus the incoming
image. - RETINA:
Contains Nerve Endings that receive and interpret the incoming image and has 2 types of light sensing receptors. RODS = effective in dim light and cant perceive color. CONES = are more effective in bright light and do perceive color
What is a Sty? (External Hordeolum)
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is an infection of the eyelid that results from blockage of the oil glands associated with an eyelash.
What is a Chalazion? (Internal Hordeolum)
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is inflammation or infection that results from blockage of one of the Meibomian Glands in the tarsal plate of the eyelid. Those glands produce the fluid that lubricate the eyelids
What is Conjunctivitis?
What are the 3 causes?
(Medical Condition of the Eye)
Conjunctivitis is an infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. This is caused 3 major ways:
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
“pink eye” and is often passed from eye, to hand, to
eye - Viral Conjunctivitis:
Far more common than bacterial - Allergic Conjunctivitis:
seasonal and is caused by pollen and or antigens
What is Pterygium?
Medical Condition of the Eye
A conjunctival condition characterized by a raised, wedge-shaped growth of the conjunctiva.
What is Iritis?
Medical Condition of the Eye
AKA Uveitis
It is a swelling and irritation of the middle layer of the eye (choroiditis if posterior or iritis if anterior)
What is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis?
Medical Condition of the Eye
An infection or inflammation of the cornea that results from the herpes simplex virus.
This is the most common cause of Corneal Blindness
What is Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?
Medical Condition of the Eye
When Herpes Zoster (shingles) affects the eye. It can inflame and infect the tissue supplied by the nerve root.
What are Corneal Ulcers?
Medical Condition of the Eye
Mostly caused by an infections of the cornea by an infectious agent that breaks through the epithelial border of the cornea. Typically causing painful red eye, tearing, and photophobia.
This is sight-threatening
What is Cellulitis?
What are the 2 types?
(Medical Condition of the Eye)
Infection of the soft tissues surrounding the eye and is sight and life threatening
- Periorbital Cellulitis:
Is cellulitis that has not yet breached the orbital
septum. The orbital septum is what separates the
anterior and posterior portions of the eye. Symptoms
are usually found in the eyelids being swollen, red,
and warm - Orbital Cellulitis:
Cellulitis that has entered the orbital septum. this can
cause protrusion of the eye and inability to move to
the eye b/c of swelling and infection on the
extraocular movement
What is Atraumatic Hyphema?
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is the collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye from nontraumatic causes. The most common of these reasons is Sickle Cell Disease.
What is Glaucoma?
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is actually a combination of issues and is the SECOND MOST common cause of blindness.
It involves an increase of pressure within the eye that results in damage to the optic nerve. It results from the blockage of the flow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber resulting in the increase of pressure in the anterior chamber.
Two types:
- Angle Closure Glaucoma:
when the outflow of aqueous humor is suddenly
blocked causing severe rapid IOP - Open Angle Glaucoma:
the most common form of glaucoma; is when the
pressure increases over time.
What is a Cataract?
Medical Condition of the Eye
A clouding of the lens of the eye; associated with aging and is the result of breakdown of proteins within the lens
What is Optic Neuritis?
Medical Condition of the Eye
Inflammation of the optic nerve, typically resulting from an autoimmune disease.
What is Papilledema?
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is a condition secondary to increased intracranial pressure and is the swelling of the optic disk.
The optic disk is the region of they retina where fibers of the optic nerve enter the eye; it is a small circular structure that contains no rods or cones.
What is Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
What is Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
(Medical Condition of the Eye)
They are the occlusion of one of the small arteries or veins that supply or drain the Retina.
What is Retinal Detachment?
Medical Condition of the Eye
It is a separation of the retina rom the supporting structures.
What is the most common diabetes mellitus related eye complication?
Diabetic Retinopathy, which is damage and death of certain cells and structures including small blood vessels within the retina
What are the 3 regions of the Ear?
- External Ear:
The part of the ear readily visible. The pinna or
Auricle is that big outer ear that catches sounds. Then
it directs sounds into the external auditory canal
through the external auditory meatus to contact the
tympanic membrane. The canal contains protective
Cerumen (Earwax). - Middle Ear:
The part that contains the auditory Ossicles which are
the 3 small bones that join together and function to
amplify sound waves received from the tympanic
membrane. The 3 bones are called the MALLEUS,
INCUS, and STAPES. The middle ear is connected to
the pharynx by the Eustachian tube which allows for
equalization of pressure - Inner Ear:
Separated from middle by the Oval Window. The bony labyrinth (the collection of tubes and chamber that protects to the receptors for hearing and equilibrium) contain a fluid called Endolymph and can be divided into 3 major parts:
a) Vestibule - contains membranous sacs that sense
gravity and linear acceleration
b) Semicircular Canal - Detect rotation of the head
c) Cochlea - spiral shaped structure that provides
sense of hearing
What is Impacted Cerumen?
Medical Condition of the Ear
It is when there is excess Cerumen (earwax) and it plugs the auditory canal
What are the 2 types of hear infections?
Medical Condition of the Ear
- Otitis Externa:
“Swimmer’s Ear”; is inflammation, irritation, or infection
of the outer ear and/or the external auditory canal.
There is a severe form called Malignant Otitis Externa
that involves the infection spreading to the bones and
cartilage at the base of the skull. - Otitis Media:
Anything that causes blockage of the Eustachian tube
can cause otitis media which is an bacterial or viral
infection of the middle ear.
What is Mastoiditis?
It is infection or inflammation of the mastoid bone at the base of the skull, this is usually secondary to an infection in the middle ear.
What is Labyrinthitis?
Medical Condition of the Ear
Swelling and irritation of the inner ear, and is usually secondary to an infection in the middle ear. Inflammation here can cause vertigo, involuntary eye movement, dizziness, loss of balance, and treatment may involve antiemetics or benzos
What separates the external ear from the middle ear?
The tympanic membrane (ear drum)
What is Meniere’s Disease?
Medical Condition of the Ear
A disease of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing and occurs when the labyrinth of the inner ear becomes swollen. S&S usually involve acute and severe vertigo and dizziness, severe nausea and vomiting, and unilateral hearing loss.
Where do 90% of nose bleeds originate from?
Kiesselbach’s Plexus
A network of 4 arteries located in the anteroinferior region of the nasal septum
What are the 4 nasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoid, Sphenoid, & maxillary
What is Epistaxis?
Medical Condition of the Nose
It is a nose bleed.
There are two categories:
- Anterior which are the most common and arise from the Kiesselbach’s Plexus
- Posterior and tend to bleed more, also this is more prone to draining into the throat and causing nausea and possibly vomiting b/c the blood irritates the stomach
These are treated by either pinching the nose or using a nasal tampon
What is Rhinitis?
Medical Condition of the Nose
Inflammation of the nose. Can occur from allergies but mostly arises secondary to Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. It is much more common in infants than any other age.
What is Sinusitis?
Medical Condition of the Ear
Infection or inflammation of the sinuses. Can be bacterial, viral, or from allergies.
What is pharyngitis/tonsillitis?
Medical Condition of the Throat
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis are common infections and often occur together. This can often occur secondary to Group A Streptococcus (Strep Throat)
What is Oral Candidiasis?
Medical Condition of the Throat
AKA Thrush
Is a fungal (yeast) infection of the mouth, most often in infants, diabetics, AIDS pts, and side effect of antibiotics. The pt will have a white or cream colored deposit on mucous membranes.
What is a Peritonsillar Abscess?
Medical Condition of the Throat
It is a collection of infected material (pus) in the area around the tonsils. This can become life threatening when the infection spreads over the roof of the mouth, to the neck and chest, and then to the lungs causing possible blockage of the airway.
What is Ludwig’s Angina?
Medical Condition of the Throat
A type of oral bacterial cellulitis, or inflammation, that involves the floor of the mouth under the tongue. It often occurs secondary to an infection of the roots of the teeth or a mouth injury. It is uncommon in children. This can be life threatening b/c onset can be quick and cause swelling that occludes the airway.
One unique symptoms is the unusual sound the person makes when trying to talk that sounds like they have a “hot potato” in their mouth.
Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Tracheitis are all infections of which organs?
(Medical Conditions of the Throat)
Epiglottis = inflammation or infection of the epiglottis
Laryngitis = inflammation or infection of the larynx
Tracheitis = inflammation or infection of the trachea
What is Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome (TMJ)?
Medical Condition of the Throat
Results from problems with the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible (jaw) causing difficulty biting or chewing and malocclusion of the teeth.
